21ST LIT MIDTERMS LESSON 1

• Our forefathers already had their literature, which was reflected in their customs and traditions
• They had their alphabet even before they had colonized
• The Spanish friars burned their alphabet in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that quickly perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves, and bamboo cylinders, which could not have remained firm even if efforts were made to preserve them
• Our unique geographic location is the reason why we are rich and varied
• Literature


  Traditionally, any form of written work, especially during the 18th century. Today, its definition and scope can be considered more restrictive for there are certain standards set by some critiques before a work can be considered as a body of literature
• Literature


  Anything that is printed as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of the people whether it is true, or just a product of one's imagination
• Literary text

  The products of written literature
• Why we need to study literature

  • Reading great literature exercises the imagination
  • Reading literature transports us out of our current situation into other periods and places
  • Reading literature enables us to see the world through the eyes of others
  • Great works of literature have played a fundamental role in shaping society
  • Reading literature encourages contemplation, and improves our language and vocabulary skills
• Characteristics of literary text


  • It narrates a story
  • It expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can be either based on the imagination or real-life experiences of the author or other people
  • It delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and language
• Literary works in the Pre-Spanish Period


  • Folk Tales (Kwentong Bayan)
  • Myths
  • Legends
  • Epics
  • Folk Songs
  • Chant (Bulong)
  • Riddles
• Literature in the Spanish Colonial Period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry
• Florante at Laura


  Acknowledged master of traditional Tagalog poetry
• Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature

  • Alibata was replaced by the Roman Alphabet
  • Teaching of Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices
• Recreational Plays in the Spanish Colonial Period

  • Cenaculo
  • Panunuluyan
  • Salubong
  • Zarzuela
• Aims of the Propaganda Movement

  • To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law
  • To make the Philippines a colony of Spain
  • To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes
  • To Filipinize the parishes
  • To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar


  The Propagandist, established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883, forced to travel to Spain in 1888 to avoid banishment, died of tuberculosis, pen name: Plaridel
• Graciano Lopez Jaena


  The Greatest Orator, moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD, successfully showed the Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman could introduce changes in law and reforms towards a better life and progress, died of tuberculosis
• Antonio Luna


  The pharmacist, writer and general, wrote about Filipino customs and how Spain mismanaged the Philippines, pen name: Taga-ilog
• Mariano Ponce


  The Secretary, wrote about the values of education and how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners as well as problems of his countrymen, died of tuberculosis, pen names: Tikbalang, Ninang, Kalipulako
• Jose Rizal


  The National Hero, joined the propaganda movement in the late 1880s after witnessing the injustices and abuses suffered by his fellow Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule, pen names: Laong Laan, Dimasalang, last words: "Consummatum est" (Natapos na), died in Luneta Execution, last poem: "Mi Ultimo Adios" (My Ultimate Goodbye)
• Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred by two significant developments in education and culture: introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age and use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools
• Short stories were the most prevalent literary form during the American Period
• Philippine Literature interrupted its Development during the Japanese Period
• Types of Literature in the Japanese Period

  • Poetry (Haiku, Tanaga)
  • Drama
• The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972 during the Period of Activism
• Almost all themes in most writings during the Period of New Society dealt with the development or progress of the country
• Many people seethed with rebellion and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression during the Period of Third Republic
• Literary forms in the Period of Third Republic

  • Poetry (romantic and revolutionary)
  • Songs (true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen)
• Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and TV programs regained its normal circulation after the EDSA 1 Revolution
• The internet gave opportunities to people, especially the youth, to begin writing and expressing their thoughts, ideas, and feelings in the 21st Century Period
• Canon


  In literature, the collection of works considered representative of a certain genre and period
• Canonical Authors


  Writers whose works have been well-appreciated and considered representatives of certain genres of literature
• National Artists for Literature

  The highest national recognition given to a Filipino writer who made significant contributions to the development of Philippine Literature
• Criteria for the Order of National Artist

  • Living artists who have been Filipino citizens for the last ten years prior to nomination as well as those who have died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their death
  • Artists who have helped build a Filipino sense of nationhood through the content and form of their works
  • Artists who have distinguished themselves by pioneering in a mode of creative expression or style, making an impact on succeeding generations of artists
  • Artists who have created a significant body of works and/or have consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art form, enriching artistic expression or style
  • Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through prestigious national and/or international recognition, critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works, respect and esteem from peers
• Jose Garcia Villa


  National Artist for Literature (1973), known for the tartness of his tongue, introduced the reversed consonance rime scheme, including the comma poems that made full use of the punctuation mark in an innovative, poetic way, works: Footnote to Youth, Poems by Doveglion, Poems in Praise of Love: The Best Love Poems of Jose Garcia Villa
• Nick Joaquin


  National Artist for Literature (1976), most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing so variedly and so well about so many aspects of the Filipino, explored the Philippine colonial past under Spain and views on social changes, works: The Woman Who Had Two Navels, A Portrait of the Artists as Filipino, Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young, The Ballad of the Five Battles
• Carlos P. Romulo


  National Artist for Literature (1982), was a reporter at 16, a newspaper editor by the age of 20, and a publisher at 32, the only Asian to win America's coveted Pulitzer Prize in Journalism, founder of Boy Scout of the Philippines, works: The United, I Walked With Heroes, I saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother America, I see the Philippine Rise
• Francisco Arcellana


  National Artist for Literature (1990), writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher, important progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English, pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form, works: Frankie, The Man Who
• Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales


  Also known as N.V.M Gonzales
• Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales was a fictionist, essayist, poet and a teacher