Integumentary & Musculo-Skeletal Systems

• Conduction is the transfer of heat between molecules of body and environment.
• Convection is the transfer of heat as water/air move across body surface.
• Radiation is the transfer of heat produced by organisms.
• Evaporation is the loss of heat from liquid to gas.
• Ectothermic: determined by environment.
• Endothermic: high metabolic rate generates high body heat.
• Torpor: low activity; decrease in metabolic rate.
• Hibernation: long term or winter torpor (winter cold and food scarcity)
• Estivation: short term or summer torpor (high temperatures and water scarcity)
• Hibernation and estivation are often triggered by length of daylight.
• Vasoconstriction: contraction of vessels to conserve heart in blood
• Vasodilation: Opening of vessels to release heat in the blood
• Epidermis: outermost and thinnest; cells are very tightly packed.
• Dermis: deep and thick; primarily connective tissue; loosely packed.
• Hypodermis: adipose tissue; deep to the skin; layer of insulation.
• Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Dermis: fibrous connective tissue
• Subcutis: loose connective tissue and adipose
• Stratum corneum: dry, dead, keratin-filled cells
• Stratum germinativum/basale: cells undergoing mitosis, move up
• Melanocytes: produce melanin (pigment) for sun protection
• Keratinocytes: produces keratin (a tough, waterproof material; abrasion resistance for cells)
• Langerhans cells: immune response against microbes invading the skin
• Visceral: covers the surface of the organ
• Parietal: lines the walls of the body cavity
• Thoracic Cavity = Pleura
• Abdominal Cavity = Peritoneum
• Serous Membranes: protection/reduce friction for organs