BIOLOGY [Circulatory & Respiratory System]

• Circulatory system


  Also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Circulatory system


  • Transports oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to all the cells in the body
• Pulmonary Circulation


  1. Fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood

  2. Carbon dioxide is released from the blood
• Systemic Circulation


  Provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances
• Right Atrium


  Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
• Right Ventricle


  Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
• Left Atrium


  Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
• Left Ventricle


  Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body
• Superior Vena Cava


  Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head and arms
• Inferior Vena Cava


  Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm
• Pulmonary Arteries


  Transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
• Pulmonary Veins


  Transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
• Aorta


  Main blood vessel through which oxygen and nutrients travel from the heart to organs throughout the body
• Tricuspid Valve

  Controls the flow of blood from the heart's right atrium to the right ventricle
• Pulmonary Valve

  Controls the flow of oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs
• Mitral Valve


  Also known as bicuspid valve; regulates blood flow from the upper left chamber into the lower left chamber
• Aortic Valve


  Ensures that oxygen-rich blood does not flow back into the left ventricle
• Oxygen-poor blood flow


  1. Enters right atrium through superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

  2. Travels from right atrium to right ventricle through tricuspid valve

  3. Pumped from right ventricle to lungs through pulmonary valve

  4. Oxygenated in lungs

  5. Travels from lungs to left atrium through pulmonary veins

  6. Travels from left atrium to left ventricle through mitral valve

  7. Pumped from left ventricle to body through aortic valve
• Respiration


  The act of breathing in and breathing out
• Nose


  • Allows air to enter the body, then filters debris and warms and moistens the air
• Mouth


  • Brings air into the lungs
• Throat (Pharynx)


  • Provides a passageway for air flow to and from the lungs, helps with breathing and digestion
• Voice box (Larynx)


  • Permits speech and allows air to pass into the lungs while blocking food and drink from entering
• Windpipe (Trachea)


  • Main passageway for air to pass from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs
• Air sacs (Bronchi)


  • Distributes air throughout the lungs
• Lungs


  • Allows oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also letting the body get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out
• Atriums are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from veins
• The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles
• The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
• Blood flows through the right side of the heart first
• Valves prevent backflow of blood
• Heart valves open when pressure increases on one side of them and close when pressure decreases
• Ventricles pump blood out of the heart
• Heart valves open and close with each beat
• The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, while the bicuspid (mitral) valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
• The interatrial septum divides the right and left atria, while the interventricular septum divides the right and left ventricles.
• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, then returns to the left atrium as oxygenated blood.
• Semilunar valve separates the ventricle from the artery
• Atrioventricular (AV) valve separates the atrium from the ventricle