Brief History

• Filipino ethnic and religious groups

  • Aeta
  • Agta
  • Ati (Negritoes)
  • Tawainese
  • Chinese
  • Japanese
  • East Indian
  • Arab
  • Spanish
• Ancient Filipino rice farmlands in the North

  • Farm life
  • Outrigger & Fishing
• Ferdinand Magellan


  Began Filipino colonization in 1521
• Spanish social class system in the Philippines

  • Peninsulares (Spanish born in Spain)
  • Creoles (Criollos) (Spanish born in the Philippines)
  • Mestizoes (mixed with Filipino & Spanish)
  • Filipinos, Chinese, Other Asians & Mixtures of Filipinos (Indios) & with other Asian groups
• Moro/Sulu Slavery


  Began in the southern part of the Philippines between 1770-1879
• High demand for Chinese tea in Great Britain

  Desire to lower Chinese tea prices
• Moro Pirates


  • Raided Spanish ships & stole guns
  • Ability to get sea cucumbers, pearls, birds' nests, tortoise shells (all products that can be traded for tea)
• Products traded for tea

  • Birds' Nest Soup ($30-$100)
  • Pearls
  • Tortoise Shells
  • Sea Cucumber
• In order to gather enough of these rare products, the sultan decided to use slave labor
• Areas targeted by Moro slave raiders

  • Mindanao's northern coast
  • Visayas' coast
  • Java, Indonesia
  • Luzon's coast
  • Sumatra, Indonesia
  • Borneo's coast
  • Malay Peninsula
  • Celebes' coast
• Slave trade routes


  • Moro Slave Trade
  • Trans Indian Slave Trade
  • Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
• Between 20,000-30,000 people were kidnapped from their homes
• Forced labor of slaves

  Collecting birds' nests, diving for pearls & sea cucumbers
• Sulu Sultan (King) traded birds' nests, pearls & sea cucumbers to England


  In exchange for gunpowder, silk & porcelain
• English traded birds' nests, pearls & sea cucumbers to China


  For tea
• Filipinos came to Mexico from 1565-1815 as sailors, prisoners, adventurers & most commonly slaves on the Manila Galleon
• Filipinos were brought to the Americas to work in the fields, plantations, mines & homes
• China Poblana


  Filipina slave who combined Filipino & Mexican recipes to make Mole, and combined Filipino & Mexican clothes
• Isidoro Montes de Oca was a Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro & Father Jose Morelos
• Francisco Mongoy was a Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro
• Indigenous Filipinos routinely revolted against the Spanish
• Creoles & mestizos began organizing due to high taxation, few rights
• GOMBURZA


  Three priests (Maraino Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora) who called for church reforms & civil rights for Filipinos
• Soldiers were forced to pay taxes for the first time & do "polo y servicio" (forced labor)
• On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers & workers rose up because their paychecks not only reflected taxes, but also "falla" (a tax to be exempted from forced labor)
• The priests "GOMBURZA" were falsely accused of organizing the revolt (by 3 alleged mutineers), along with several other soldiers
• The priests "GOMBURZA" were executed on Bagumbayan Field on February 17, 1872
• Some revolutionaries were sentenced to life in prison or exiled to Guam
• The Cavite Mutiny served as the "unofficial" beginning or inspiration for the Filipino Revolution
• Causes of the Philippine Revolution

  • Enlightenment Ideals (Lack of civil rights, racism, democracy, land, education, etc)
  • Unfair Casta System, that favored peninsulares & discriminated against indigenous Filipinos
  • The building of the Suez Canal (1869), opened up trade, education & new ideas on freedom
  • Filipinos were inspired by the Cavite Mutiny (1872) considered "GOMBURZA" to be martyrs
  • Jose Rizal formed "La Liga Filipina" (1892), which split into 2 groups
  • Filipinos never stopped organizing
• Katipunan


  One of La Liga Filipina's splinter groups, organized in 1895 by Andres Bonifacio, meant "gathering", "society" in Tagalog, a pro-independence Filipino group
• Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran & survivor of the Cavite Mutiny joined the Katipunan
• The Katipunan had a membership of 100,000 by 1896
• Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan


  Full name of the Katipunan
• The Philippine Revolution begins

  1. In August of 1896, the Spanish discovered the existence of Katipunan

  2. 1896, Andres Bonifacio started the revolution with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" or "The Cry of Balintawak" which called for an end to taxation & Filipino Independence from Spain

  3. The Spanish immediately arrested Jose Rizal

  4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran of the Cavite Mutiny joins "The Katipunan"

  5. On August 29, with 1,000 rebels, "The Katipunan" attacked Manila

  6. It eventually spread throughout the country

  7. Jose Rizal was publicly executed him on 12/30/1896 & became a symbol of struggle
• Jose Rizal

  • A reformer, activist, writer, artist & doctor
  • Wrote Noli Me Tangere (Critical of Philippine Society) & El Filibusterismo (Critical of Spanish Rule of the Philippines & the Catholic Church)
  • Created Maria Clara, heroine of Noli Me Tangere, who has become a symbol of the Philippines
  • Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines
• Emilio Aguinaldo

  • Wins several battles against the Spanish
  • Became the leader of "The Katipunan"
  • Executes Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false charges) in March1897
  • December 15, 1897, Biak-na-Bato marked the end of The Philippine Revolution
  • Exiled to Hong Kong
• The Spanish-American War


  1. In 1898 US declared war on Spain over the sinking of the USS Maine

  2. The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in the Philippines May 1. 1898

  3. Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines & declared independence from Spain

  4. Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Republic & became the 1st president
• The US refused to recognize Emilio Aguinaldo's government & Philippine Independence
• The Philippines declared war on the US