Cardiovascular system

• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via arteries, while the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary trunk.
• Blood vessels include arteries (carry blood away from heart), veins (return blood back to heart), capillaries (exchange substances between blood and tissues), and lymphatic vessels (collect excess fluid).
• Arteries have thick walls with elastic tissue that allows them to stretch during systole and recoil during diastole, maintaining high pressure.
• Veins have thinner walls than arteries due to lower pressure and lack of elastic tissue.
• The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport, protect and regulate
• Regulation includes controlling temperature, water balance, acid-base balance, and blood glucose levels
• Protection involves protecting against pathogens by white blood cells and antibodies
• Transportation includes nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, heat, and immune cells
• bicuspid valve is located between left atrium and left ventricle
• tricuspid valve is located between right atrium and right ventricle
• aortic semilunar valves are located between ascending aorta and brachiocephalic trunk
• pulmonary semilunar valves are located between pulmonary trunk and main pulmonary artery
• the heart has four chambers - two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left)
• aortic semilunar valves are located between aorta and body
• The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation.
• The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body through the systemic circulation.
• The heart is divided into the right side and left side by an imaginary line called the septum
• The heart's electrical conduction system coordinates the contraction of cardiac muscle tissue by generating an impulse that spreads across both sides of the heart.
• Blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then out of the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk which branches off into the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, and exits the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta which carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.
• The left side of the heart includes the left atrium, which receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, and the left ventricle, which pumps this blood out to the rest of the body via the aorta.
• The right side of the heart consists of the right atrium, which receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae, and the right ventricle, which pumps this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
• the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower part of the body (abdomen, pelvis, legs) to the right atrium
• the superior vena cava brings blood from the upper part of the body (head, neck, arms) to the right atrium
• the four chambers of the heart include the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
• There are three types of circulation including cardiac, pulmonary and systemic
• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs
• Systemic circulation is the flow of blood throughout the rest of the body
• Cardiac circulation is the flow of blood through the heart itself
• The heart is located in the thoracic cavity and is surrounded by the pericardium.