bio reproduction

• Traits or characteristics


  Can be passed on to you from one generation to another
• Genetics


  The study of inheritance
• Monohybrid inheritance


  The inheritance of one characteristic that has two contrasting forms
• Characteristic


  Contrasting forms
• Monohybrid inheritance


  1. F1 generation: all tall plants

  2. F2 generation: A ratio of 3 tall to 1 dwarf plant
• Gene


  Basic unit of inheritance
• Alleles


  Different forms of the same gene
• Dominant allele


  Expresses itself in both homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotype
• Recessive allele


  Expression is masked by dominant allele. Only expresses itself in a homozygous recessive genotype
• Phenotype


  Observable traits of an organism
• Genotype


  Genetic make-up of an organism
• Homozygous


  Alleles controlling the trait are identical
• Heterozygous


  Alleles controlling the trait are different
• Genetic Diagrams


  Explain how alleles are passed on to an offspring and what traits will be expressed by the offspring
• Punnett Square


  A simpler method to determine or explain genetic crosses
• Determining Genotypes


  Breeding experiments are used to identify the genotype of an organism
• Test Cross


  Used to determine the genotype of an organism with dominant trait by crossing the organism with a homozygous recessive organism
• Codominance


  Results when the two alleles controlling a trait both express themselves in the organism
• Multiple alleles


  A gene that exists in more than two different forms
• ABO blood group alleles

  IA, IB and IO
• Sex chromosomes


  Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism
• Autosomes


  Chromosomes in cells other than the sex chromosome
• Sex determination in humans

  Males have XY chromosomes, females have XX chromosomes
• Variation


  Differences in traits between individuals of the same species
• Genetic variation


  Heritable variations
• Discontinuous variation


  Brought about one or a few genes
• Continuous variation


  Brought about by the additive effect of many genes
• Sources of genetic variation

  • Meiosis
  • Random Fertilisation
• 椰浆饭


  • 在新加坡与马来西亚很常见到的一道美食
• 黄姜饭


  • 是印尼喜宴上常见的主食。当地人在祭拜或重要节庆、家庭聚会时，一定会煮黄姜饭，并且会把它做成宝塔造型，代表诚心及期许好运来临
• 拧


  1。控制住物体并向里转或向外转 2。用两只手握住物体的两端分别向相反的方向用力转动
• 抿


  1(嘴、耳朵、翅膀等)稍稍合拢;收敛:抿着嘴笑 2。嘴唇轻轻地沾一下碗或杯子，略微喝一点
• 某


  1。指示代词 2。指一定的人或事物(知道名称而不说出) 3。指不定的人或事物
• 调剂


  1。调适 2。调配药物
• 封


  1。封闭:查封 2。封起来的或用来封东西的纸包或纸袋:信封
• 衡量


  1。称物体轻重 2。比较;评定:衡量得失 3。斟酌;考虑:这个问题得好好衡量一下
• 频率


  1。物体每秒振动的次数 2。在一定时间或范围内某种事物发生或出现的次数
• 敞开


  1。打开:敞开大门 2。尽量;任意的 3。没有限制
• 淋漓


  1。湿淋淋地往下滴:大汗淋漓 2。非常畅快:痛快淋漓