UTS EXAM

• The Irish political scientist Benedict Anderson (1936-2015) conceives of nations as imagined communities.
• It is a perspective that involve both self-awareness of the group and awareness of “others” from whom the nation seeks to differentiate itself.

  Outward perspective
• According to the ______ , it is a sense of nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, cultural, and language. (National Identity, 2018)

  Oxford Dictionary
• A British Sociologist, ______ defined it as: Some sense of political community, history, territory, patria, citizenship, common values and traditions. (Smith, 1991)

  Anthony Smith
• who stated “ it is a measure of common culture and a civic ideology, a set of common understandings and aspirations, sentiments, and ideas that bind the population together in their homeland. “

  Anthony Smith
• who stated "belief in a shared culture, history, traditions, symbols, kinship, language, religion, territory, founding moment, and destiny have been invoked, with varying intensity at different times and places, by peoples claiming to share a particular national identity” (p.134)

  Montserrat Guibernau (2004)
• The traders who brought jewelry, pottery, and different types of food with them

  Early Chinese and Hindu
• The _____ invaded the Philippines in December 8, 1941 and its rule lasted until 1942. The Philippines ultimately gained independence on July 6, 1946.

  Japanese army
• As part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was sold to United States that led to Philippine-American War (1899-1902) with the Philippines eventually becoming a colony of ______

  United States
• The _____ occupation of the Philippines (1521-1898) was pursued by a long drawn-out and vicious fight for independence.

  Spanish
• it is known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (1997, IPRA), mandates the rights of Ips to manage their ancestral domains; it has become the cornerstone of current national policy on IPs.

  Republic Act 8371
• Author _____ (2001) wrote that national identity, unlike class or some versions of religious identity, could be unifying across genders, class, and political lines.

  Joshua Searle-White
• According to Harvard University professor _____ (1997), national identity develops when individuals or a group of people have come to see themselves as constituting a unique, identifiable entity, with claim to continue over time, across geographical distance, and to the right to various forms of collective self-expression.

  Herbert C. Kelman
• The “dark side” of national identity can be understood using a psychological approach.

  The Social Identity Theory
• This perspective posited that a nation is not just an end product of the intragroup dynamics, which structure the identity of its members but most importantly, individuals not only develop beliefs about their own nation but also makes comparison with other nations as well.

  Outward perspective
• ____ is the perception of self and others based on the social groups that one belongs.

  Social Identity Theory
• The _____ attempts to clarify the psychological processes within and between the social groups (Tajfel 1970; Tajfel & Turner 2004).

  social identity theory
• Individuals can improve the ____ by enhancing or maintaining group loyalty or commitment. 

  sense of self
• A higher sense of national identity stimulates positive emotions such as ____

  pride and loyalty
• However, this mentality can be detrimental to both the ___ and ___ as a whole.

  self and society
• According

  to professor Daniel Druckman (1994), nations achieve personal relevance for individuals when they become sentimentally attached to the homeland (affectively involved), as well as motivated to help their country (goal oriented), and gain a sense of identity and self esteem through their national identification (ego involved)
• A very important prerequisite to becoming a democracy is “the need for prior agreement of national identity and borders” (Schmitter, 2010 p. 25).
• In building a strong sense of national identity, one must reinforce confidence and sense of citizenship and well-being (Blunkett, 2001) 
• Democratic Political Community Prerequisites:

  National Identity and Borders
• Democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives. ( Schmitter &Karl, 1991)

  FILIPINOS PERCEPTION OF DEMOCRACY
• is learned and experienced in the immediate environment.

  Democratic culture
• factors of political socialization

  Media, Family, School and religion
• religious beliefs as another major influencer in our social lives. Through teachings, individuals are able to learn values of benevolence and sacrifice, as well as citizenship values of pagka-makadiyos and pagka-makatao.
• Media is regarded as influential factors influencing an individual’s mindset. Recent activities in social media and the Internet have pushed the present generation to organize local movements for social change. During the 2016 National Elections where youth groups were able to influence their fellow citizens to vote and exercise suffrage through hashtags.
• schools or institutions but it depends on the certain values and philosophies of the school or institution. But, even with these differences in value orientations, the goal is to develop students’ yearning for knowledge, good moral values, responsibility towards work, commitment to one’s goals and impart it’s citizenship behavior
• 1. The role of the family as the starting ground of one’s knowledge is crucial not only with political values, but also with other social values. The obedience and respect to whoever is in power trickle down to our belief system and thus, may become part of our political values.
• Political Efficacy It is one of the core components of a democratic culture (Almond & Verba 1963). Citizens who feel that they have the power to influence their government will most likely prefer democracy (Schulz 2005).
• Political Trust in an individual or an institution is crucial to achieve a desired outcome. If citizens have trust in their government, they do not need to check on public officials regularly.
• Two types of Efficacy:

  Internal and External
• External Political Efficacy Deals with how political institutions and political actors (i.e., public officials) respond to the needs of the community (Balch, 1974).
• Internal Political Efficacy Deals with how individual citizens see how much they understand and thus perceive effectiveness in their actions towards political processes (Schulz, 2005)
• Comes from the latin word, ____ – connection between man and a supreme being.

  religio
• ____ people perceive religion as the source of truth.

  Intrinsic
• ____ - is a means to connect with other religious individuals for purpose of social support.

  Extrinsic
• Religion is formed through a community with members having the same beliefs and practices towards recognizing a higher being.