igcse history revision

• What did Lloyd George think should happen to Germany?

  - wanted to continue trading

  - wanted to punish Germany (had pressure from home), but didn't want to treat them too harshly to prevent a future war
• What did Clemenceau think should happen to Germany?

  - hated Germany

  - wanted to punish Germany so harshly that they would never be able to be strong again

  - blamed Germany for everything
• What were Wilson's aims at the Paris Peace Conference?

  - create the League of Nations to promote cooperation between countries

  - give self-determination to small countries

  -14 points
• What were Lloyd George's aims?

  - trade with Germany again (Germany used to be England's second largest trade partner)

  - take away all of Germany's colonies (colonies mean power; Germany will still be a threat to Britain's power)
• What were Clemenceau's aims?

  - to ensure that Germany never rises in power again --> so that another world war doesn't happen

  -weaken Germany as much as possible
• What were conflicts between Clemenceau and Wilson's ideas? What did they think of each other?

  - Wilson wanted to treat Germany less harshly than Clemenceau wanted to

  - Clemenceau felt that Wilson didn't understand what European countries went through, and the true destruction of the war

  - Clemenceau disliked Wilson, while Wilson felt that Clemenceau was being too harsh and if he got his way, a future war would occur

  - Clemenceau did not agree with disarmament and self determination as he wanted France to stay strong; Wilson was too much of an idealist
• What were conflicts between Lloyd George and Wilson's ideas? What did they think of each other?

  - Lloyd George disagreed with self determination and disarmament as he wanted to keep his empire and navy strong; disliked the 14th point of equal access to sea for all countries as it gave other countries the chance to have stronger navies

  - these two leaders agreed with each other regarding how harshly they should treat Germany as they were both worried about a possible future war
• How did the Treaty of Versailles impact Germany politically?

  - hyperinflation

  - political instability

  - violence

  - unhappy citizens

  -unpopular government
• Who were the Spartacists?


  - left wing movement, started a revolution in Berlin

  -led by Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Leibknicht

  -crushed by Weimar government, Freikorps right wing militia
• What were 3 major crises in 1923?

  - political instability (Munich Putsch)

  - hyperinflation

  - invasion of the Ruhr
• What happened in the Bierhall Putsch? What was it and who were involved?

  - Hitler helped organise the Munich Putsch

  - happened to overthrow the Weimar Republic for signing the Treaty of Versailles

  - the attempt failed

  - Hitler was arrested for treason and put in jail
• What happened after the Munich Putsch?


  - Hitler was arrested

  - sentenced to jail for 5 years but released after 9 months

  -trial made him famous, wrote Mein Kampf in jail
• What happened at the Ruhr Crisis?

  - Germany managed to pay the first round of reparations but couldn't pay the second due to inflation

  - the French were determined to enforce the treaty

  - French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr

  - the workers at the Ruhr went on strike

  - the government had to pay the workers so that they recieve an income
• How did the Ruhr Crisis affect the economy?

  - inflation escalated to hyperinflation

  - German government printed extra currency to reduce the inflation but caused the currency to lose its value

  - although Germany recovered, this created more biterness towards the Treaty of Versailles
• What territorial losses did Germany face from the Treaty of Versailles?

  - Alsace Lorraine

  - Rhineland demilitarized

  - Saarland

  - Polish Corridor

  - colonies

  - lost land to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
• What are the other treaties created after the world war?

  - Treaty of Saint-Germain: Austria

  - Treaty of Trianon: Hungary

  - Treaty of Sevres: Turkey

  - Treaty of Neuilly: Bulgaria
• What do all of those treaties have in common?

  - terms of disarmament

  - pay for reparation

  - land lost

  - new countries formed (Austria-Hungary --> Austria, Hungary; Ottoman Empire --> Turkey, Yugoslavia made)
• What was in the Treaty of Saint-Germain?

  -Dealt w Austria

  - reparations (amount not set)

  - empire broken up

  - army reduced to 30,000 men

  - loss of industry
• What was in the Treaty of Trianon?

  -Hungary

  -reparations 200million

  - empire broken up

  - army 35,000men

  - loss of land (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia)
• What was in the Treaty of Sevres?

  - Dealt with Ottoman Empire

  - loss of land (Smyrna, Rhodes)

  - empire broken up

  - army reduced to 50,000 men and 6 torpedo boats
• What was in the Treaty of Neuilly?

  -Bulgaria

  -Loss of land (Yugoslavia, Romania)

  -No air force

  -Reparations of 2.256billion francs

  -Men 20,000 + 4 torpedo boats
• What were Wilson's plans for the League of Nations?

  - world parliament

  - representatives from member states would meet regularly to decide on any matters that affected them all

  - all major countries would join

  - all members would disarm

  - League would decide on the solution of any dispute

  - all members would protect each other (article 10)

  - members would use sanctions, moral condemnation, or force against acts of aggression
• What were the 4 main aims of the League of Nations? (hint: ACDC)

  - AGGRESSION: discourage aggression from any nation

  - COOPERATION: encourage nations to cooperate especially in business and trade

  - DISARMAMENT: encourage nations to disarm

  - CONDITIONS: improve living conditions of people around the world
• Which significant countries were not in the League of Nations?

  USA was not part of the league because Senate didn't agree. USSR not let in because of fear of Communism (later joined). Germany not allowed until met T of V terms.
• List the components in the League of Nations (example: the Assembly)

  - the Council

  - the Assembly

  - the Secretariat

  - the Permanent Court of International Justice

  - International Labour Organization

  - the Mandates Commissions

  - the Refugees Committee

  - the Slavery Commission

  - the Health Committee
• What were the main problems of the League of Nations?

  W- Weak- no military/enforcement

  A- America didn't join

  S- Structure- veto power made it hard to pass

  
  

  D- Depression- economic problems

  U- Unpopular- People thought Br and Fr had too much control

  M- Militarism- rose again

  B- Britain- undermined it by signing deals outside the League
• What was the Assembly of the League of Nations?

  - acted as the League's Parliament; each country in the League had a representative

  - recommended action to the Council

  - allowing new members

  - choosing temporary members of the Council

  - approve the budget

  - met once a year

  - all decisions had to be unanimous (or else it wasn't accepted as a decision)
• What was the Council of the League of Nations?

  - 5 times a year or for emergencies

  - decisions made through voting

  - major countries had a veto

  - council would solve disputes
• What is the role of the Permanent Court of International Justice?

  - key role is settling disputes peacefully

  - 9 judges

  - could give decisions on border disputes

  - had no way of making countries follow its decisions
• What did the International Labour Organization do?


  - improve working conditions

  - collected statistics from member countries and tried to persuade countries to adopt its suggestions
• What happened at Vilna?

  1920

  unsuccessful

  Poland invaded Lithuania and L. appealed to the League, Br. and Fr. were not prepared to take action and did nothing
• What happened at Upper Silesia?

  1921

  successful

  Germany and Poland wanted it, a plebiscite was held and upper silesia was split into 2 --> the citizens got what they wanted
• What happened at the Aaland Islands?

  1921

  successful

  Finland and Sweden both threatened war over them, the league decided to give it to Finland and Sweden accepted the decision
• What happened in Bulgaria?


  1925

  successful

  Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after greek soldiers were killed along the border. Fr. and Br. were united over the decision to force Greece to pay compensation or sanctions would be placed.
• How was the Health Committee successful? What did they do?

  - most successful branch of the League

  - researched diseases and vaccines such as malaria

  - started a global campaign to kill mosquitoes (they carry malaria and yellow fever)
• How was the International Labour Organization successful? What did they do? What challenge did they face?

  - banned poisonous lead from paint

  - limited the number of working hours for children

  - could only shame countries into changing laws, but was able to bring awareness to issues
• How did the Slavery Commission succeed?

  - freed slaves in British colonies in Africa

  - stopped slavery in Burma

  - stopped forced labour
• Why did disarmament fail?


  Because none of the countries felt that they were prepared to take a risk and be the first to disarm. Britain and France refused to disarm, U.S. wasn't involved.
• What did the failure of disarmament lead to?

  The League's reputation in Germany became worse because Germany had to disarm because it was forced to, but none of the other countries was disarming to its level
• List the international agreements of the 1920s

  - Washington Conference (1921)

  - Rapallo Treaty (1922)

  - The Dawes Plan (1924)

  - Locarno Treaties (1925)

  - Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

  - Young Plan (1929)