Endocrine System

• Endocrine system


  Made up of glands

  
• Function of the endocrine system

  Production and regulation of chemical substances called hormones
• Hormone


  Chemical transmitter released in small amounts from glands, transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells
• Hormones


  • Chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another
  • Regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function
• Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of any hormone can be harmful to the body
• Controlling the production of hormones can treat many hormonal disorders in the body
• Endocrine system


  Maintains the body's homeostasis
• Pituitary gland


  Has 2 lobes
• Secretions from the anterior pituitary gland

  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  
• Growth Hormone (GH)


  Essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs. It also enhances protein synthesis, decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction.
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


  Essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex and it stimulates a release of specific hormone
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)


  Essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland
• Prolactin


  Stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy. The sucking motion of the baby stimulates prolactin secretion.
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  A gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female (monthly) and the production of sperm in the male

  
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

  A gonadotropic hormone responsible for the secretion of estrogen and progesterone among females
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)


  Regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanine in the skin after exposure to sunlight
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  Stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules, causing the kidneys to decrease urine production, which helps in conserving more body water
• Secretions from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

  Oxytocin - activated during and after giving birth, targets the uterus to cause it to contract during giving birth, and controls milk secretion in the breasts after giving birth
• Hypothalamus

  A gland located in the brain
• Pineal gland

  A pine-cone-shaped gland about 1 cm in diameter
• Melatonin

  Communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body, has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower production of gastric secretions at night
• Serotonin

  A neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism
• Adrenal glands

  Triangular-shaped glands located on the top of each kidney, with the inside called the medulla and the outside layer called the cortex
• Adrenalin (epinephrine)

  Controls "fight or flight" response, controls the heart beat, blood pressure, blood level and breathing rate
• Epinephrine

  Elevates systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver, dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often used to counteract an allergic reaction.
• Aldosterone

  Essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion
• Androgens


  Several hormones including testosterone, they promote the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male
• Dopamine


  Used to treat shock, it dilates the arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output
• Calcitonin


  Influences bone and calcium level in the bloodstream, maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma
• Thyroid gland


  Plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body's metabolic processes
• Thyroxine (T4)


  Responsible for protein synthesis, regulation of oxygen use, rate of metabolism and growth, and the development of the body
• Parathyroid glands


  Two pairs of glands located on the dorsal or back side of the thyroid gland, they secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little results in cramping; too much results in osteoporosis or kidney stones.
• Islets of Langerhans


  Small clusters of cells located in the pancreas
• Secretions from the islets of Langerhans

  • Insulin - lowering the blood sugar level
  • Glucagon - increase the blood sugar level
• Ovaries


  Produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone, which prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the development of mammary glands, play a role in sex drive, and develop secondary sex characteristics in the female. Estrogen is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs.
• Testes


  Produce the male sex hormone called testosterone, which is essential for normal growth and development of the male sex organs and is responsible for the erection of the penis.