SOIL AND LAND RESOURCES

• Lithosphere-solid component of the earth
• Continental Crust-supports the continental plates
• Oceanic Crust -supports the ocean floor (thinnair seismic waves travel tasteri
• Mohorovicic Discontinulty moho: the boundary between the crust and the mantle (Andrija Mohorovicic
• Oxygen-most abundant element in the ctust (475)
• Silicon-second most abundant element in the crust (28%); also known as quartz
• Mantle a very thick layer comprising atmost 80% of the earth's volume
• Asthenosphere thin portion of the mantis that is made up of not, semi-liquid matenas
• Seismology-science of earthquakes
• Igneous Rocks are formed from magma that cooled and hardened
• Sedimentary Rocks are formed from sediments that accumulate and were compactea due to increased pressure
• Metamorphic Rocks are changed or metamorphosed rocks that resulted from being expoled to high temperature and pressure and different chemical neactions
• Minerals -ore elements or compounds which are solid, inorganic, and naturally- occuming
• Tenacity-hardness of mineralh
• Iron - an important component of heme of the red blood cells
• Mineral Resources are those useful materials which could be derived from the rock cycle
• Calcium essential for strong bones and teeth
• Subsurface Mining process of digging out deeply buried mineral resource
• Surface Mining - the process of removing shallow deposits
• Open-pit Mining or Quarrying the process removing rock, sand, gravel

  or other minerals from the ground in order to use them produce materials construction or other uses
• Dredging -the use of chain buckets of draglines to scoop out underwater minerals from the ocean of led bed
• Strip Mining-The use of large machines (bulldozer) to remove in strips the layer of rocks and soil that cover the mineral deposit
• Upwelling the process in which nutrients from the bottom of the sea reach the surface through the movement of water
• Pedosphere the thin outermost layer of the earth made up of soil
• Horizon each layer in the land surface
• O horizon top most layer of the soil
• A horizon topsoil the first mineral layer of the soil
• B horizon subsoil rich in clay organic water and other mineral components
• C horizon made up of massive bedrock
• E horizon under the o horizon stands for alluvial material such as clay aluminum iron and organic matter have been leached from it
• Parent material the materials in which soil is formed
• Soil consistence the ease or difficulty of breaking the soil apart
• Sovereignty refers to the independence of a country to rule over its people and manage its resources
• Erosion the transfer of soil particles and its other components from one place to another
• Sedimentation the process of settling or being the positive as a sediment
• Transparency refers to the clearness of the water or its ability to allow light to pass through it
• Turbidity refers to the cloudiness or merkiness of water
• Overgrazing occurs when the leaves stuck that grease in a grassland are beyond the carrying capacity
• Desertification a condition in which the soil has become very dry and infertile
• Salinization the concentration of salt ions builds up in the soil