sterile dosage forms

• sterile - Free from contaminating microorganisms;

  absence of living organisms
• aseptic techniques - Procedures used during preparation that maintain sterility of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
• sterile, pyrogen-free preparations - Intended to be administered parenterally
• parental - Injectable routes of administration (other than oral route)
• intravenous is injected at 25 degree angle
• intravenous - introduction of drug directly to the vein
• intramuscular - introduction of drug through the muscle
• intramuscular is injected at 90 angle
• intramuscular effects are less rapid but generally longer lasting than those obtained from intravenous administration
• subcutaneous is inject at 45 angle
• sub-q, SQ, hypodermic, hypo is known as subcutaneous
• subcutaneous is administered under the skin
• subcutaneous is used for injection of small amounts of medication, up to 2 mL
• intradermal is administered at 10 - 15 angle
• intradermal - Substance in introduced into the skin
• corium - the more vascular layer of the skin beneath the epidermis
• specialized access - For repeated injections over time there are devices that provide continuous access and reduce pain associated with parenteral administration
• intra-articular - into the joints
• Intra-synovial - into the joint fluid area
• Intra-spinal - into the spinal column
• Intrathecal - into the spinal fluid
• Intra-arterial - Into the arteries
• Intracardiac - Into the heart
• injection - Liquid preparations that are drug substances or

  solutions
• for injection - Dry solids that upon addition of suitable vehicles yield solutions conforming in all aspects to the requirements for injection
• sterile water for injection or saline is a suitable vehicle for for injection
• for injection includes freeze dried powders and powders for reconstitution
• injectable emulsion - liquid preparation of drug substance dissolved or dispersed in a suitable emulsion medium
• injectable emulsion is commonly used for delivering drugs that are poorly soluble in water
• injectable suspension - Liquid preparation of solid suspended in suitable

  liquid medium
• injectable suspension remain suspended rather than dissolved
• injectable suspension are used when the drug substance are not dissolved in a vehicle but needs to be administered via injection
• for injectable suspension - Dry liquids that upon addition of suitable vehicles yield preparations conforming in all respect to requirement for injectable suspension
• for injectable suspension are designed to provide stable suspension of drugs particles in a liquid medium for parenteral administration
• for injectable suspension includes powdered or solid medications which are intended for reconstitution with a suitable liquid vehicle for injection
• bacteriostatic sodum chloride injection, usp contains sodium chloride as the active ingredient and has bacteriostatic agent (Benzyl alcohol) that inhibits the growth of bacteria in the solution.
• bacteriostatic sodum chloride injection, usp is diluent to reconstitute powdered medications and vehicle for parenteral administration
• monographs - library used in the industry mainly for identification of solutions and reagents and identification of the product
• Distillation - the oldest method of water treatment, it relies

  on the evaporation to purify water
• Reverse osmosis - used semi permeable membrane to

  remove impurities, it is highly efficient in removing wide range of contaminants in the water.