Unit 1
Cards (57)
- Cell MembraneControls the entry and exit of molecules from cell. Is selectively permeable and found in all cells
- Cell WallSupports the cell and prevents it from bursting. Made of cellulose in plant cells but of different materials in fungal and bacterial cells.
- CelluloseStructural carbohydrate which plant cell wall is made from.
- ChloroplastStructure containing chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.
- CytoplasmJelly-like liquid containing cell structures and the site of many chemical reactions in the cell. Found in all cells
- DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid - The substance in chromosomes that carries genetic (hereditary) information.
- MitochondriaThe site of aerobic respiration in plant, animal and fungal cells
- NucleusThe structure that controls cell activity and contains DNA within its chromosomes, found in plant, animal and fungal cells.
- PlasmidCircular genetic material present in bacterial cells and used in genetic engineering.
- RibosomeSite of protein production. Found in all cells
- VacuoleStructure containing cell sap found in fungal and plant cells.
- Active transportThe movement of molecules from an area low concentration to an area high concentration against a concentration gradient. This process requires energy and uses membrane proteins to actively pump the molecules.
- Concentration gradientThe difference in concentration of a substance between two areas separated by a selectively permeable barrier.
- DiffusionThe passive movement of molecules a higher to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
- OsmosisThe movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
- Passive transportThe movement of molecules down a concentration gradient that does not require energy Examples are diffusion and osmosis.
- PhospholipidType of Lipid. The major component of the cell membrane.
- PlasmolysedA description of a plant cell that has become shrunken due to water loss. Cytoplasm detaches from cell wall.
- Selectively permeableA membrane that controls the movement of molecules depending on their size.
- ProteinSubstance composed of chains of amino acids. A component of the cell membrane along with phospholipids
- TurgidA description of a plant cell that has become swollen due to water gain. Does not burst due to the cell wall.
- Amino acidsThe components (building blocks) that make up proteins.
- BasesThe units that make up the genetic code of DNA and mRNA e.g. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine on DNA.
- ComplementaryPairing together i.e. DNA base pairing. (A-T and C-G).
- Double helixA description of the unique 'twisted-ladder' shape of DNA molecules.
- GeneA section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.
- mRNAThe substance that carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein to be made.
- ProteinSubstance composed of chains of amino acids.
- RibosomeSite of protein production.
- Genetic codeInformation carried on DNA/genes needed to make proteins. The information is a code in the form of a sequence of bases
- Active siteArea on the surface of an enzyme that a substrate binds with. The shape of the active site is complementary to its specific substrate.
- AntibodyType of protein that is involved in defending animals from microorganisms, such as viruses, that invade the body.
- CatalystA substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the energy required to begin the reaction.
- DegradationAn enzyme-controlled reaction where large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules. These release energy.
- DenatureA permanent and irreversible change in shape of proteins, such as enzymes, when exposed to high temperatures. In enzymes, this will affect the rate of reaction.
- EnzymeA protein that acts as a biological catalyst. They speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process.
- HormoneA protein that is released into the blood and acts as a chemical messenger.
- OptimumUsed to describe conditions such as temperature or PH at which an enzyme's rate of activity is highest.
- ProductThe substance produced by a chemical reaction.
- ReceptorA protein found on cell surfaces that allow cells to recognise certain substances