Geography

• Primary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve growing/collecting/harvesting raw materials. E.g. farming, fishing, mining
• Secondary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve manufacturing goods by processing the raw materials into something else. E.g. car factory
• Tertiary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve providing a service to people, e.g. Bank clerk, teacher, working in a shop
• Ecotourism


  A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. It both protects the environment and helps the local people.
• Development


  The processes of change whereby the standard of living in a country improves. It is measured using development indicators.
• GNP


  Gross National Product
• birth rate (development indicator)


  The number of live births per thousand of population per year. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• Energy consumption per person (development indicator)

  The average amount of fuel used by each person in a year. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• Maternal Mortality Rate (development indicator)

  Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• life expectancy (development indicator)


  The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• Adult literacy rate (development indicator)

  The percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• infant mortality rate (development indicator)

  The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• Short term aid


  This is aid that only lasts for a short period of time - it is immediate aid e.g. after disasters
• Voluntary aid


  Aid is collected and given out by charities, or other non-governmental organisations (NGOs), not governments. Examples include Oxfam, WaterAid and ActionAid. Aid often goes directly to people running the aid projects.
• Bilateral aid


  Aid usually given directly from one country to another. It is usually TIED aid, which means that there are conditions attached about how it can be used, so it can also be called CONDITIONAL aid. It is the most common form of aid
• Multilateral aid


  Governments of countries give money or other forms of aid to large international organisations, such as the World Bank or the United Nations. These organisations then decide where to give the aid to. Often, the receiving country has to do what the organisation says before it can receive the money.
• Long term aid


  Assistance given to a poor country possibly over a long period of time that has a lasting effect. Remember: "give someone a fish and you feed them for a day. But teach someone to fish and you feed them for life"
• interglacial period


  A period of warmer temperatures between two ice ages.
• glacial period


  A period of cooler climate that is characterized by the advancement of glaciers
• Ice Age


  Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface. During the most recent ice age (at its maximum about 20,000 years ago) the world's sea level was about 130 m lower than today, due to the large amount of sea water that had evaporated and been deposited as snow and ice, mostly in the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
• valley glacier


  A long, narrow glacier that forms when snow and ice build up in a mountain valley.
• Zone of ablation (glacier)


  The area of a glacier where the removal of snow and ice is greater than the amount replaced each year.
• Zone of accumulation (glacier)


  The area of a glacier which receives snow and ice.
• Snout (glacier)


  The end of a glacier at any given point in time.
• global warming


  A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.