Muscoskeletal

• Abduction

  Moving away from midline of the body
• Adduction

  Moving toward midline of the body
• Circumduction

  Circular motion
• Inversion

  Moving inward
• Eversion

  Moving outward
• Extension

  Straightening the extremity at the joint and increasing the angle of the joint
• Hyperextension

  Joint bends greater than 180 degrees
• Flexion

  Bending the extremity at the joint and decreasing the angle of the joint
• Dorsiflexion

  Toes draw upward to ankle
• Plantar flexion

  Toes point away from ankle
• Pronation

  Turning or facing downward
• Supination

  Turning or facing upward
• Protraction

  Moving forward
• Retraction

  Moving backward
• Rotation

  Turning of a bone on its own long axis
• Internal rotation

  Turning of a bone toward the center of the body
• External rotation

  Turning of a bone away from the center of the body
• Scoliosis

  Lateral curvature of the spine
• Lordosis

  Anterior curvature of the spine
• Kyphosis

  Posterior curvature of the spine
• Protade

  Push out
• Retract

  Pull in
• Anatomic Snuff Box

  Hollow area on the back of the wrists
• Genu valgum

  Knees turn in "knock knee"
• Genu varum

  Knees turn out "bowed leg"
• Pes planus

  Flat feet and has no arch
• Pes varus

  Toes point in
• Pes valgus

  Toes point out
• Hallux valgus

  Lateral deviation of the great toe
• Hammer toe

  Overlapping of the second toe due to hyperextension of metatarso-phalangeal joints
• Plantar warts or Verruca vulgaris

  Seen under callus appearing as tiny dark spot
• Corn

  Painful thickenings of the skin over the prominence
• Callus

  Non-painful thickening of the skin over the pressure points