GENED5

• Critical reading


  Studying and evaluating the text closely in terms of relevance, validity, and logic
• Goal of critical reading


  To examine not only what message is conveyed but also how the message is conveyed as well as its purpose, target audience, and other ways of presenting it
• Public speaking


  Speaking in public
• Competence in oral communication is important because it makes you become an effective leader
• Qualities of an effective leader


  • Listens attentively to identify the conveyed meaning
  • Collaborates with others
  • Uses critical thinking and problem solving skills
  • Gives appropriate feedback
  • Converses with others of different backgrounds
• Material


  Your topic which can be about your experiences, observations, inspiration, or anything you are interested to talk about
• Message


  The content or the main point of your speech, which can be supported by personal stories or anecdotes, relevant statistics or ideas from newspapers and academic journals
• Types of speeches


  • Speech to inform
  • Speech to entertain
  • Speech to persuade
• Methods of delivery


  • Manuscript
  • Memorized
  • Impromptu
  • Extemporaneous
• Manners in speech


  • Observe ethically sound goals
  • Prepare all the time
  • Tell the truth
  • Be sensible and sensitive
• Components of a speech


  • Introduction (Attention getter, Initial summary, Speaker's credibility, Relevance of the topic to the audience, Self-introduction, Thesis statement)
  • Body (Main idea 1, Main idea 2, Main idea 3)
  • Conclusion (Closure, Summary, Call to action, Powerful closing statement)
• Techniques for beginning and ending a speech

  • Analogy
  • Anecdote
  • Humor
  • Provocative rhetorical question
  • Quotation
  • Startling statistics
• Non-verbal communication


  Behavior that conveys and represents meanings, such as smiles, tone, movements, manners, walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude towards punctuality and space, and personality
• Importance of mastering non-verbal communication


  • Enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech
  • Can communicate all feelings, attitudes, and perceptions as well as express anything without saying a word
  • Sustains the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech
  • Reflects what type of speaker you are
  • Makes you more dynamic and animated in your delivery
  • Serves as a channel to release tensions and nervousness
  • Helps you make your speech more dramatic
  • Can build connections with listeners
  • Makes you credible as a speaker
• Aspects of non-verbal communication

  • Body language (eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and gesture)
  • Paralanguage (tone, pitch, volume, rate, and quality of voice)
  • Proxemics (use of personal space and physical distance)
  • Chronemics (use of time)
  • Appearance (clothing, grooming, and accessories)
  • Haptics (touch)
• Non-verbal communication


  • Enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech
  • Can communicate all feelings, attitudes, and perceptions as well as express anything without saying a word
  • Can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech
  • Reflects what type of speaker you are
  • Makes you more dynamic and animated in your delivery
  • Serves as a channel to release tensions and nervousness
  • Helps you make your speech more dramatic
  • Can build connections with listeners
  • Makes you credible as a speaker
• Aspects of non-verbal communication


  • Body language (eye contact, facial expressions, posture, gesture)
  • Vocal elements (volume, rate, tone, pitch)
  • Proxemics (space and distance between speaker and audience)
  • Colors (reflect personality and character)
  • Touch (physical contact)
• Body language: Eye contact


  Very important to use eye contact when talking to people in small or big groups. Listeners can easily detect confidence and interest. Never look up or down, just look straight in the eyes.
• Body language: Facial expressions


  Facial expressions are tools to express or communicate emotions through eyes, eyebrows, lips, ears, tongue, and nose. It is important to know and use facial expressions effectively.
• Body language: Gestures


  Movements of hands, legs, and other body parts that carry meanings. Gestures should be used for specific purposes like describing, emphasizing, suggesting, or prompting.
• Body language: Good Posture


  The position of the body when standing or sitting. Good posture shows confidence and creates a positive impression.
• Vocal elements


  Volume (loudness and softness), rate (speed of delivery), tone (voice quality), and pitch (highness or lowness) of voice.
• Proxemics


  The space and distance between the speaker and the audience, classified into intimate, personal, social, and public.
• Colors


  Reflect people's personality and reveal character. Choice of colors for clothes and visual aids matters to the audience.
• Touch


  Physical contact, generally used to communicate love, care, or comfort. Requires caution as it can be interpreted differently in various cultures.
• Suppose you are a newly elected mayor and your administration is undergoing a major reorganization. You assemble your staff and employees to present this reform. Now, in your speech, how will you inspire your audience to embrace this change and help your administration achieve its goal?
• The initial step in building connection with the audiences is to know them, which can be achieved through audience analysis.
• Audience analysis


  A process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience
• Factors to consider in audience analysis

  • Demographic
  • Situational
  • Psychological
• Demographic


  Refers to the age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree programs taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations
• Situational


  Refers to speech situations including time, place, occasion, audience size, and context
• Psychological


  Refers to values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and needs of your audience
• Consider the needs of your audience. Psychologist Abraham Maslow identified the hierarchy of human needs as shown below. You can use this framework to deepen your understanding of your audience.
• Hierarchy of human needs


  • Self-actualization
  • Esteem needs
  • Belongingness and love needs
  • Safety needs
  • Biological and psychological needs
• Identify your audience size and set-ups. Coordinate with a personnel, conference committee or the ones knowledgeable about the details, so that you can make necessary adjustments to your speech.
• Large group set-ups


  • Theater Style
  • Classroom Style
  • Chevron Style
  • Modified Chevron
• Small group set-ups


  • Semi-circle or Circle
  • Cluster Style
  • Hollow square or rectangle
  • Perpendicular Style
  • Boardroom
  • U-Shape
• Some time-tested principles


  • Consider the needs of your audience
  • Identify your audience size and set-ups
  • Smile and be polite
  • Use pronoun "we" or "you" frequently
  • Use only those examples which your audiences are already familiar with
  • Use layperson's terms in your word choice
  • Reinforce your verbal message through effective use of non-verbal communication skills
  • Feel what your audience feels; think what they think
  • Win your audience's hearts
  • Open casual conversation with your audience before and after your presentation
  • Watch your words. Use words that are not offensive or biased
  • Listen attentively to feedback after your speech
  • Acknowledge and appreciate positive reactions
  • Allow audience participation when necessary
  • Use humor appropriately and effectively
  • Approach disruptions of your audience contextually and adapt to the situation
  • Deal with hostile audience or hecklers positively
  • Handle questions effectively
• Use a virtual outline to structure your talk or response. Examples are: Past, Present, Future; Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point; Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher.
• If you are not being aware about the topic or not being interested in the topic, you can use strategies like Bridging, Reframing, and Playing the Devil's Advocate.