MODULE 3

• Cell


  Basic unit of living organisms that carry out metabolism and provide energy in the form of ATP
• Main categories of organic compounds in cells

  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
• Proteins

  Include enzymes, some hormones, and structural materials
• Carbohydrates


  Include sugars and starches, main carbohydrate is glucose which circulates in blood to provide energy
• Lipids


  Include fat, some hormones are derived from lipids, adipose tissue stores lipids
• Cell structures and functions

  • Plasma membrane
  • Microvilli
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytosol
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vesicles
  • Centrioles
  • Surface projections
  • Cilia
  • Flagellum
• Stages in cell division (mitosis)

  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Four basic types of tissues

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

  
• Organ systems


  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Integumentary
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


  Energy compound of the cell
• Carbohydrates


  Category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches
• Cell


  Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
• Chromosome


  Thread-like body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information
• Cytology


  Study of cells
• Cytoplasm


  Fluid that fills the cell and holds the organelles
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)


  Genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes
• Enzyme


  Organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic reaction
• Gene


  Hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes
• Glucose


  Simple sugar that circulates in the blood, main energy source of metabolism
• Histology


  Study of tissues
• Homeostasis


  Steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy
• Lipid


  Category of organic compounds that includes fats
• Membrane


  Simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical reactions that occur within an organism
• Mitosis


  Cell division
• Mucus


  Thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues
• Nucleus


  Cell's control center that directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes
• Organ


  Part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system
• Organelle


  Specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
• Protein


  Category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)


  Organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells
• Tissue


  Group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose
• Amino acids


  Nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins
• Anabolism


  Type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism
• Catabolism


  Type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds
• Collagen


  Fibrous protein found in connective tissue
• Cortex


  Outer region of an organ
• Glycogen


  Complex sugar compound stored in the liver and muscled and broken down into glucose when needed for energy
• Interstitial


  Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue
• Medulla


  Inner region of an organ, marrow