Biology Paper 1

• What is the definition of cancer?

  Cancer is the result of changes to cells that cause uncontrollable growth and division, forming a tumor. (Mass of cells)
• What is a benign tumor?


  A tumor that is encased in a membrane, preventing cells from escaping.
• What is a malignant tumor?


  Cancer that their cells spread across the body accessing the blood stream. This leads to secondary tumors.
• What does the body do when our DNA becomes mutated?


  Repair of self-destruct (apoptosis)
• What is a pathogen?

  A microorganism that can cause infectious disease.
• What are the 4 types of pathogen?


  Bacteria, fungus, virus and protists
• How are pathogens spread?

  Water , insects (vectors) physical contact , undercooked food and airbourn.
• What does a bacteria cell contain?

  Cell membrane, cell wall, DNA and ribosomes
• What does an animal cell contain?

  Nucleus, cell membrane, DNA and ribosomes
• What does a plant cell contain?


  Nucelus, cell membrane, cell wall , DNA , ribosomes, mitochondria, chlorophyll, chloroplast
• What are 3 shapes bacteria come in?

  Coccus (round) , diploccoci (pair) spirochete (spiral)
• How do bacteria make us feel ill?

  -reproduces in huge numbers -produces toxins
• What are some examples of bacterial diseases?

  Meningitis and food poisoning
• How small is a virus?

  Smaller than bacteria, it is 20-40nm
• How do virus' make us feel ill?

  Injects their DNA into the cell and takes control of it. It uses the host cell to make copies, eventually bursting.
• Can virus' reproduce?


  No, we arent sure if they are living.
• What are some examples of a viral disease?


  Influenza (flu) and chicken pox
• What are some ways you can prevent pathogens?

  Vaccines, clean standards, bed nets, bug spray and isolation
• What is binary fission?


  Bacteria splitting into 2 and making perfect copies asexually.
• How is the virus, measles, spread?


  Inhailing droplets in the air produced by coughing or sneezing. (Airbourn)
• What are symptoms of measles?


  Spots, lumps, fever and rash
• How is the virus, HIV, spread?

  Gets into and reproduces inside host cells (sexual contact)
• What are symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like, but some may experience no symptoms.
• How can you treat HIV / measles?

  HIV: drugs Measles: Vaccine (MMR)
• Which plants are infected by the virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) ?

  Potatoes, crops (peppers, tomatoes) and tobacco
• What are symptoms of TMV and rose black spot?

  Reduces plants ability to photosynthesise, reduced growth and discolouration.
• How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

  Contact between plants or hands of farmers
• Which plants are infected by the fungus rose black spot?

  Roses and leaves
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Air, water and direct contact
• How can you treat rose black spot?

  Fungicides and destroying infected leaves.
• What are symptoms of salmonella?

  Abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
• How is salmonella transmitted?

  Consumption of contaminated food, treated with hygenic conditions and antibiotics.
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Burning pain when urinating, thick yellow /green discharge
• How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

  Through bodily fluids, but can be treated with barrier like contraception and antibiotics.
• How is the spread of malaria contained?

  Preventing vectors from breeding and using mosquito nets.
• How can pathogens enter the body and how does the body respond to this?

  Through the nose and mouth. Oils and a layer of mucus produced in the trachea traps particles. Cillia are also located here, finger like particles which waft mucus back towards the mouth.
• What does a white blood cell do to protect the body?

  It makes protein antibodies shaped accordingly to the antigens on the foreign bacteria to kill it. They will make copies for further incidents.
• What is the process of englulfing called??

  phagocytosis
• What is a vaccination?

  Contains a small amount of dead or inactive virus. It stimulates the process of antibodies, making the immune system memorise the correct shape and this can reoccur when the actual virus occurs.
• What examples of drugs come from plants?

  -willow trees (aspirin) -foxgloves (digitalis) -mould (antibiotics)