Bio

• Plants evolved from freshwater algae (Charophyta)
• eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulosic cell wall
• Plants can create their own food because they are photoautotrophic
• Plants can't move because they are immobile
• Plants are both sexual and asexual and exhibits alternation of generation
• Major Plant Groupings

  • Non-vascular or bryophytes
  • Vascular (cryptogams)
  • Spermatophytes (phanerogams)
• Non-vascular or bryophytes have neither vascular tissue nor seeds
• Vacular cryptogams are seedless vascular plants
• Spermatophytes or phanerogams are seed plants and produce vascular tissues
• Bryophyta

  Classes

  1. Takakiopsida
  2. Sphagnopsida
  3. Andraeopsida
  4. Andraebryopsida
  5. Bryopsida
• Sphagnopsida - peat moss (Sphagnum)
• Andraeopsida - granite moss
• Bryopsida - true moss
• The sporophyte in moss is derived from the embryo
• The capsule in a moss is covered by the calyptra
• A seta is a long stem-like organ that connects the sporangium to the gametophyte.
• The base of the seta is called the foot.
• The peristome is a structure at the mouth of moss capsules, which enhances the process of spore release by means of hygroscopic movements.
• Elaters function in dispersing the spores to a new location.
• Each sporophyte plant is composed of a capsule, which is the center of spore formation; a stalk; and a foot that attaches the sporophyte body to the tip of the gametophyte.
• The operculum gets removed when warm air touches the capsule.
• Protonema are thread-like chains of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of gametophyte in mosses.
• Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta) = liverworts

  Classes

  1. Marchantiopsida (thalloid)
  2. Jungermanniopsida (leafy)
• The antheridium is the saclike male reproductive organ found in fungi, mosses, ferns, and many other nonflowering plants.
• Archegonium is the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses.
• Anthocerophyta (hornwort)

  1. Anthocerus sp.
• A male and female moss can be distinguished by their disks.
• Psilophyta (whisk fern)

  -the green visible stuff is the sporophyte while the gametophyte is underground.
• Psilotum nodum exhibits dichotomous branching.
• Heterosporous produces two different types of spores.
• Homosporous produces only one type of spore.
• Isoetes is a submerged hydrophyte.
• Phyllids are leaf-like organs of bryophytes such as mosses or leafy liverworts arranged on a stem-like axis called caulid.