Infancy to Toddlerhood

Cards (74)

  • Development Average birth weight of a Filipino newborn is  2.8 to 3 kg (6 to 6.6 lbs)
  • It is followed by a rapid period of growth. 
                 4 months old = it usually doubles in weight 
                 1 year = tripled its birth weight.           
    2 years = the weight has quadrupled.
  • Dendrites, or branching extensions that collect information from other neurons, will undergo a period of exuberance.
  • Synaptogenesis, the formation of connections between neurons
  • connections between neurons are synapses
    • This period of rapid neural growth is referred to as Synaptic Blooming
  • Synaptic Pruning,  where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger.
    • Myelin Sheath, a coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron
    • Primary motor areas develop earlier than primary sensory areas 
    • most of the neural activity is occurring in the Cortex, or the thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and Thinking
    • Prefrontal cortex, located behind the forehead, is the least developed. 
    • Lateralization: process where different functions become localized primarily brain hemisphere
  • Neuroplasticity: brain’s ability to change (physically &  chemically), to enhance adaptability to environment, & to compensate for an injury
  • Motor development occurs in an  orderly sequence.
  • Rooting stroking of the infant's cheek
  • Gripping is something that is placed in the infant's hand
  • Toe curling is stroking the inner or outer sole of the infant's foot
  • Moro or startle is sudden noise or movement that startles the person.
  • Galant is stroking of the infant's lower back, next to spinal cord
  • Gross Motor Skills:
    • voluntary movements use of large muscle groups 
    • typically large movements of the arms, legs, head, and torso.
  • Fine Motor Skills:
    more precise movements (use smaller muscle  groups) of the hands, fingers, & wrist.
  • Newborns cannot see 8 to 16 inches away
  • 2 or 3 months seek more detail when exploring an object visually
  • 2 to 4 months discrimination between colors as well as do adults
  • 6 months the infant can perceive deth reception in pictures
  •  Touch and Pain
    • Immediately after birth, a newborn is sensitive to touch and temperature,  and is also highly sensitive to pain,  responding with crying and cardiovascular responses
  • Taste
    • Newborns can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors & show a preference for sweet flavors.
  • Smell Newborns prefer the smell of their mothers. 6 days old: Turn toward its own mother’s breast pad
  • Bed-sharing, or co-sleeping, is a decision made based on family customs, environmental conditions, and culture
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): identified when the death of a healthy infant occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, and medical and forensic investigation findings (including an autopsy) are inconclusive.
    • Accidental Suffocation & Strangulation in Bed: Suffocation by soft bedding, another person rolling on top of or against the infant while sleeping, an infant being wedged between two objects
    • The answer to that question is that breastfeeding your child breast milk doesn’t increase your child’s IQ. 
  • Breastmilk helps to develop the baby’s growth & cognitive development
  • Simple reflexes first month of life during this period the various reflexes that determine the infant's interactions with the world are at the center of its cognitive life
  • First habits and primary circular reactions 1 to 4 months begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single integrated activities
  • secondary circular reactions 4 to 8 months infants take major strides in shifting their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin to act on the outside world
  • Coordination of secondary circular reactions 8 to 12 months begin to us more calculated approaches to producing events coordinating several schemes to generate a single act.
  • Tertiary circular reactions 12 to 18 months in infants develop what Piaget regards as the deliberate variation that bring desirable consequences
  • Beginning of thought 18 months to 2 years capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought
  • Object permanence
    • A critical milestone during the sensorimotor period. The understanding that even if something is out of sight, it  still exists