Infancy to Toddlerhood

• Development Average birth weight of a Filipino newborn is  2.8 to 3 kg (6 to 6.6 lbs)
• It is followed by a rapid period of growth. 

               4 months old = it usually doubles in weight 

               1 year = tripled its birth weight.           

  2 years = the weight has quadrupled.
• Dendrites, or branching extensions that collect information from other neurons, will undergo a period of exuberance.
• Synaptogenesis, the formation of connections between neurons
• connections between neurons are synapses
• • This period of rapid neural growth is referred to as Synaptic Blooming
• Synaptic Pruning,  where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger.
• • Myelin Sheath, a coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron
• • Primary motor areas develop earlier than primary sensory areas 
• • most of the neural activity is occurring in the Cortex, or the thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and Thinking
• • Prefrontal cortex, located behind the forehead, is the least developed. 
• • Lateralization: process where different functions become localized primarily brain hemisphere
• Neuroplasticity: brain’s ability to change (physically &  chemically), to enhance adaptability to environment, & to compensate for an injury
• Motor development occurs in an  orderly sequence.
• Rooting stroking of the infant's cheek
• Gripping is something that is placed in the infant's hand
• Toe curling is stroking the inner or outer sole of the infant's foot
• Moro or startle is sudden noise or movement that startles the person.
• Galant is stroking of the infant's lower back, next to spinal cord
• Gross Motor Skills:

  • voluntary movements use of large muscle groups 
  • typically large movements of the arms, legs, head, and torso.
• Fine Motor Skills:

  more precise movements (use smaller muscle  groups) of the hands, fingers, & wrist.
• Newborns cannot see 8 to 16 inches away
• 2 or 3 months seek more detail when exploring an object visually
• 2 to 4 months discrimination between colors as well as do adults
• 6 months the infant can perceive deth reception in pictures
•  Touch and Pain

  • Immediately after birth, a newborn is sensitive to touch and temperature,  and is also highly sensitive to pain,  responding with crying and cardiovascular responses
• Taste

  • Newborns can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors & show a preference for sweet flavors.
• Smell Newborns prefer the smell of their mothers. 6 days old: Turn toward its own mother’s breast pad
• Bed-sharing, or co-sleeping, is a decision made based on family customs, environmental conditions, and culture
• • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): identified when the death of a healthy infant occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, and medical and forensic investigation findings (including an autopsy) are inconclusive.
• • Accidental Suffocation & Strangulation in Bed: Suffocation by soft bedding, another person rolling on top of or against the infant while sleeping, an infant being wedged between two objects
• • The answer to that question is that breastfeeding your child breast milk doesn’t increase your child’s IQ. 
• Breastmilk helps to develop the baby’s growth & cognitive development
• Simple reflexes first month of life during this period the various reflexes that determine the infant's interactions with the world are at the center of its cognitive life
• First habits and primary circular reactions 1 to 4 months begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single integrated activities
• secondary circular reactions 4 to 8 months infants take major strides in shifting their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin to act on the outside world
• Coordination of secondary circular reactions 8 to 12 months begin to us more calculated approaches to producing events coordinating several schemes to generate a single act.
• Tertiary circular reactions 12 to 18 months in infants develop what Piaget regards as the deliberate variation that bring desirable consequences
• Beginning of thought 18 months to 2 years capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought
• Object permanence

  • A critical milestone during the sensorimotor period. The understanding that even if something is out of sight, it  still exists