GMO

• GMO stands for genetically modified organism.
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
• Genetic Engineering is the process of modifying DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) by adding or removing genes to form a new genetic framework3
• The two variants of genetic engineering:

  Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA)

  Gene editing or Genome Editing
• Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (1865)
• Father of Genetic Engineering - Paul Berg
• rDNA - genetic engineering in which DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined, either within cells or in vitro, and then inserted into host organisms to propagate
• Genome editing - scientists to make precise edits to DNA within cells, resulting in the creation of organisms with ' edited' genes
• Gene targeting - the process of removing or adding a gene to a cell or organism
• Genome - the genome is present in nearly every cell in the body
• CRISPr-Cas9 - a type of genome editing that uses Cas9 to target and cut DNA sequences
• Genetically engineered bacteria - a bacterium with the ability to efficiently express heterologous proteins or molecular compounds for a specific purpose
• Genetic Modified Bacteria - e first organisms to be genetically modified in the laboratory, due to the relative ease of modifying their chromosomes.
• Genetically modified plants (GMPs) - are plants that have had their DNA altered in a way that doesn't occur naturally
• Genetically modified animals - an animal whose genetic material has been changed using genetic engineering techniques.
• gene therapy -  involves altering the genes inside your body’s cells in an effort to treat or stop disease.
• types of gene therapy -

  • Gene Transfer
  • Germline Therapy
  • Somatic Gene Therapy
  • In Vivo Treatment
  • Ex Vivo Treatment
  • Gene Addition
• gene augmentation therapy - gene therapy that involves the introduction of a normal gene into a patient's cells
• GENE INHIBITION THERAPY - are methods used to reduce or prevent the expression of specific genes.
• • Antisense Therapy: It uses a strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to the mRNA of the target gene to block its expression.
• CLONING

  Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism.
• TYPES OF CLONING:

  • Natural cloning
  • Reproductive cloning
  • Therapeutic cloning
• xenotransplantation - transplantation of organs from one species to another
• • Gene augmentation therapy - to correct the effect of a mutated gene
• germline gene therapy - involves modifying the DNA of these cells to introduced heritable changes to generations.
• germline gene therapy - involves modifying the DNA of these cells to introduced heritable changes to generations.
• Germ cells - are cells that carry genetic information and can be passed to offspring
• Somatic gene therapy - is a cutting-edge medical technique aimed at treating genetic disorders by modifying or replacing malfunctioning genes in specific body cells.
• In Vivo gene therapy - involves directly delivering the genetic treatment into the body
• Ex Vivo gene therapy - involves removing cells from the patient’s body, modifying them outside the body
• Viral vectors - are engineered viruses used in gene therapy to deliver therapeutic genes into target cells efficiently.
• Non-viral vectors - are generally considered safer than viral vectors because they don't carry the risk of causing immune responses or insertional mutagenesis
• Gene replacement therapy - is the technique of recognizing a faulty gene, applying a piece of DNA in its correct form though a viral vector
• Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy - is another form of immunotherapy, way to get immune cells called T cells to fight cancer
• can treat of gene therapy

  • Cancer
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Heart disease
  • Diabetes
  • Hemophilia
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Species Diversity - The number and abundance of species present in different communities
• Genetic Diversity - The variety of genetic material within a species or a population.
• Functional Diversity - The biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems.
• Ecological Diversity - The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.