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• Meiosis I


  1. Separation of homologous chromosomes

  2. Crossing over

  3. Separation of sister chromatids

  4. Production of 4 haploid cells
• Meiosis II


  1. Chromosomes condense

  2. Spindle microtubules attach to centromere

  3. Chromosomes line up at equator

  4. Centromeres separate and sister chromatids move to separate poles

  5. Nuclear envelope reforms

  6. Cytokinesis occurs
• Metaphase I


  • Spindle microtubules move pairs of homologous chromosomes to center
  • Independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes at equator
• Anaphase I


  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes separated and pulled to opposite poles
• Telophase I & Cytokinesis

  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Nuclei reform
  • Cytoplasm divides to form 2 haploid cells
• Trait


  A quality or aspect of a person or thing
• Heredity


  Traits that are passed down from parents to offspring
• Genetics


  The study of heredity
• Gene


  A tiny piece of DNA that controls a trait. (Different forms of the same gene are called alleles)
• Homozygous


  A pair of alleles that are the same
• Heterozygous


  A pair of alleles that are different
• Dominant Allele


  An allele that can be seen when paired with a recessive allele
• Recessive Allele


  An allele that cannot be seen when paired with a dominant allele
• Genotype


  The genetic makeup of a living organism
• Phenotype


  The trait that you can see because of the genotype
• Probability


  A number that describes how likely an event will occur
• Punnett Square


  A chart that shows the probability that offspring will inherit a trait
• DNA bases


  • C - Cytosine
  • G - Guanine
  • A - Adenine
  • T - Thymine
• Haploid


  A haploid nucleus has one of each chromosome (N)
• Diploid nuclei are less susceptible to genetic diseases: having two copies of a gene means organisms are more likely to possess at least one healthy copy
• Genetic Disorders


  • Down's Syndrome - Trisomy 21
  • Turner's Syndrome - Monosomy X0
  • Supermale - XYY
  • Super Male - XXX
• Karyotyping


  The process of creating a karyogram from a cell sample
• Meiosis I


  1. Prophase I

  2. Metaphase I

  3. Anaphase I

  4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis
• Meiosis II


  1. Prophase II

  2. Metaphase II

  3. Anaphase II

  4. Telophase II & Cytokinesis
• Types of Mutations


  • Deletion
  • Substitution
  • Insertion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation