CHEM - topic 9/19

• OILRIG


  oxidation is loss & reduction is gain
• Oxidation


  Loss of electrons, gain/addition of oxygen and loss of hydrogen for organic
• Reducing agent /reductant is

  the species that undergoes oxidation
• oxidizing agent is good at 


  taking electrons
• Reduction


  gain of electrons, loss of oxygen and gain/addition of hydrogen for organic (results in gain of electrons since hydrogen is pos & adding that means you need to balance charge with additional electrons).
• the species that undergoes reduction is the

  oxidizing agent / oxidant
• Reducing agent is good at

  losing electrons
• oxidation state changes as


  electrons are lost or gained
• elements and diatomic molecules have an oxidation of 


  0 (zero)
• Ions have oxidation states that are 


  equal to their charge
• Covalent compounds oxidation states

  add up to zero with negative oxidation states assigned to the more electronegative atom
• What does oxidation stay measure 


  how much control an atom has of its electrons in a compound (more pos means less control)
• Transition metals and most main-group nonmetals

  have varying oxidation numbers
• Oxidation Staes of groups 


  group 1 --> +1 Group 2 ---> +2
• oxidation state of hydrogen 


  +1 (when bonded to a non metal) but -1 (when bonded to a metal)
• Oxidation state of oxygen

  -2 (unless in H2O2 its -1)
• oxidation state of Halogens

  -1
• If an atoms oxidation state increases (more pos) it underwent

  oxidation
• if an atoms oxidation state decreases (less pos) it underwent


  Reduction
• Naming using oxidation States:

  "ate" implies → attached oxygen & Roman numerals indicates → oxidation state of the element that it follows
• for an ionic bond 


  the non-metal uses the ending --> "ide"
• Balancing in an Acidic Environment - To balance you can always add 

   electrons, water and positive hydrogen ions.