Genbio(4th)

• Haploid


  Having a single set of chromosomes in each cell
• Diploid


  Having two sets of chromosomes in each cell
• Mitosis


  Cell division, which produces two genetically identical cells
• Meiosis


  Reduction division, which produces four haploid reproductive cells
• Sexual reproduction


  Joining of an egg and sperm
• Asexual reproduction


  A single organism replicating its genetic material to split into two identical organisms
• Vegetative reproduction


  A form of asexual reproduction where a new plant grows from parts of an existing plant
• Vegetative reproduction


  • Fast reproduction
  • Examples: Strawberry runners, Moss fragmentation, Potato eyes and buds

  
• Differences between animal and plant reproduction

  • Life cycle
  • Alternation of generations
  • Gametes
  • Spores
  • Gametes made by
  • Spores made by
  • Flowers
• Parts of a flower

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamens
  • Carpels (pistils)

  
• Sepals


  Protect the bud until it opens
• Petals


  Attract insects
• Stamens


  Make pollen
• Pistils (carpel)


  Grow into fruits which contain the seeds
• Stamen (male)


  • Anther: pollen grains grow in the anther
  • Filament: holds the anther
• Pistil (female)


  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
• Stigma


  Sticky place for pollen to attach
• Style


  Where pollen nuclei travels to reach the egg
• Ovary


  Where egg is located
• Modifications in flowers


  • Complete flowers
  • Incomplete flowers
• Complete flowers


  • Morning glory
  • Tiger lily

  
• Incomplete flowers


  • Squash
  • Corn

  
• Flower modifications


  • Perfect flowers
  • Imperfect flowers
• Perfect flowers


  • Lily

  
• Imperfect flowers


  • Cucumber
  • Squash
• Pollination mechanisms


  • Animal pollination
  • Wind pollination
  • Self pollination
• Animal pollination


  • Hummingbirds & bees transfer pollen from plant to plant
  • Flowers are brightly colored or highly scented
• Wind pollination


  • Lightweight pollen carried by wind
  • Small flowers with little color or scent
• Self pollination


  • Able to pollinate flowers on same plant
  • Have both pistil and stamen
• Showy flowers are the result of selection for more efficient pollination strategies
• Flower parts are modified leaves
• Flowering plant reproductive cycle

  • Sporophyte dominant
  • Ovary produces 4 megaspores, but 3 disintegrate and only one remains
  • Double fertilization requires 2 sperm to fertilize the egg and make a seed
  • Seed contains embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
• Angiosperm


  A class or division of vascular plants that have the ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary, form the embryo and endosperm by double fertilization, and typically have each flower surrounded by a perianth composed of two sets of floral envelopes comprising the calyx and corolla

  
• Angiosperm life cycle


  1. Gametogenesis: Male

  2. Double fertilization

  3. Flower to fruit

  4. Ovule to seed
• 4 kinds of fruit

  • Simple fleshy fruits
  • Aggregate fruit
  • Multiple fruit
  • Dry fruit
• Simple fleshy fruits


  • Apples
  • Peach
  • Grape
  • Tomato
  • Pumpkin
• Aggregate fruit


  • Blackberries
  • Strawberries
  • Raspberries
• Multiple fruit

  • Pineapples
  • Figs
• Dry fruit

  • Nuts
  • Grains
  • Seed pods
• Seed dispersal methods


  • Water
  • Wind
  • Animals