NS FOR CYCLE

• The biosphere is a group of layers or speres where life exists on Earth. Bio means life and spere means the shape of the Earth
• THE BIOSPHERE IS MADE OUT OF:

  1. Lithospere - rocks and soil
  2. Hydrospere - all the water
  3. Atmospere - gases which contain life
• An ecosystem is a system where plants and animals depend on each other
• The seven life processes are

  1. Movement
  2. Respiration
  3. Sensitivity
  4. Growth and development
  5. Reproduction
  6. Excretion
  7. Nutrition
• The atmosphere consists of 2 main gases ( Nitrogen and oxygen ). Nitrogen makes up 78%
• Living ( biotic ) non-living ( abiotic )
• Desalination is the process of removing salt from salt water
• Earth's temperature ranges from - 50⁰C to 50⁰C
• Warm blooded - endothemic

  Cold blooded - ectothemic
• An adaption is a characteristic that helps a living thing survive in its environment
• Beneficial relationships

  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
• Mutualism


  A relationship where two unlike organisms live closely together and both benefit from each other
• Commensalism


  A relationship where two unlike organisms live closely together. One benefits, while the other does not benefit but is also not harmed.
• Harmful relationships

  • Predation
  • Parasitism
  • Competition
• Predation


  Populations change because of predator and prey relationships. Predators are animals that eat other animals, and prey are the animals being eaten.
• Parasitism


  A relationship where two unlike organisms live together. One organism benefits while the other is harmed. Usually, the parasite feeds off another organism, called the host.
• Competition


  Different organisms compete for the same resources, such as water, space and sunlight. Well-adapted members of a community are more likely to survive and reproduce under heavy competition for resources.
• Invertebrates


  • Jellyfish
  • Earthworms
  • Arthropods
  • Starfish
  • Molluscs
• Vertebrates


  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
• Pistil


  The female parts of a flower
• Stamen


  The male parts of a flower
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen between plants of the same species for the purpose of fertilisation. Fertilisation is the fusion of the male and female sex cells to produce seeds.
• Cross-pollination


  The transfer of pollen from the male part of one flowering plant to the stigma of another flowering plant of the same species.
• Pollination


  1. Pollinator visits flower

  2. Pollen on anther sticks to pollinator

  3. Pollinator moves to another flower
• 5 animal kingdoms 


  • Protist
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• PLANT KINGDOM

  THALLOPHYTES

  Bacteria

  Algae

  Fungi

  BRYOPHYTES

  Mosses

  Liverworts

  CORMOPHYTES: plants with bodies formed of various organs such as roots , stems & leaved

  PTERIDOPHYTES

  Ferns

  Club moss

  Horse tail

  SPERMATOPHYTES -> GYMNOSPERMS & ANGIOSPERMS

  ANGIOSPERMS

  Dicots

  Monocots

  GYMNOSPERMS

  Cycads

  Conifers
• • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Predation
  • Parasitism
  • Competition
• Ovulation - the release of a ripe egg / ovum from the ovary.
• Menstruation - The monthly bleeding caused by the shedding of the uterus lining
• Implantation


  The attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus
• A newborn that is still growing


  Foetus
• contraceptives


  The use of devices or specific techniques to prevent a pregnancy
• mollus 


  An organism that usually has a shell and a muscular foot
• crustacean


  Animals with a hard outside skeleton
• Angiosperms


  Flowering plants '' enclosed seed plants "
• Gymnosperms


  naked seeded plants
• dicotyledon


  Has two cotyledons
• monocotyledon


  has one cotyledon
• Monocotyledon

  • arranges in multiples of 3
  • stem remains green and flexible throughout the life time
  • A root system which has many branched roots growing directly from the base of the stem
• Dicotyledon

  • arranges in parts of 4s or 5s
  • veins form a network
  • Stems becomes green and flexible then turns hard and woody as the plant gets older
  • side roots grow out of main root