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• Concentric Zone Theory


  Assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the CBD. The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the commuting time
• Concentric Zone Theory


  • Areas are characterized in terms of ethnic groupings, income levels, types of commerce/industry
  • Residents of one zone "migrate" to outer zones as their economic positions improve, and new residents take their place
• Sector Theory


  Residential land use tend to be arranged in wedges or sectors radiating from the center of the city along lines of transportation
• Sector Theory


  • High rent sectors often extend along fashionable boulevards
  • High rent sectors usually buffered by middle rent sectors
  • High rent sectors separated from low rent by physical barrier
• Sector Theory


  • High rent areas tend to grow from a given point along lines of transportation
  • Grow towards the high ground free from flooding
  • Grow toward the open country – they don't dead end
  • Grow towards the homes of community leaders
  • Pull office buildings, banks, and stores along with them
  • Develop along the fastest lines of communication
  • Continue to grow in the same direction for a long period
  • Not to skip around at random
• Multiple Nuclei Theory


  Cities grow around certain discrete nuclei rather than around a single center
• Multiple Nuclei Theory


  • Certain activities require special activities (CBD=accessibility; warehousing/docks=waterfront; low density housing=land)
  • Some activities group together because they profit from cohesion (financial/office district; medical district; manufacturing districts)
  • Certain activities are detrimental to each other (heavy industry and high rent residential; meat packing plants and funeral homes)
  • Certain activities can not afford high rents (forced together in the low rent areas)
• Urban Realms Model


  A CBD, but multiple suburbs that have suburban downtowns, also, a "New Downtown" outside of the CBD
• Yuppification


  Movement back into downtowns--higher
• Post-industrial stage


  The urban system becomes fully integrated and inequalities are reduced significantly. The distribution of economic activities creates a specialization and a division of labor linked with intense flows along high capacity transport corridors
• Agglomeration economies


  Explain the advantages of the "clustering effect" of many activities ranging from retailing to transport terminals
• Types of agglomeration economies

  • Localization economies - proximity of linked firms; agglomeration of a set of activities near a specific facility, let it be a transport terminal, a seat of government power or a large university
  • Urbanization economies - provision of wide range of urban services agglomeration of population, namely common infrastructures (e.g. utilities or public transit), the availability and diversity of labor and market size
  • Industrialization economies - agglomeration of industrial activities, such as being their respective suppliers or customers
• Central Place Theory


  A theoretical work that explains the spatial spread and dimensions of urban centers. Christaller claims that the role of large cities and towns is to coordinate within the regions, the supply of goods and services
• Central Place Theory


  • Explains the size and function of settlements and their relationships with their hinterlands
  • Centrality - amount of draw to a particular place
  • Hierarchy of Services - hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions
  • Market Range - maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a good or service beyond which people will look to another center
  • Threshold Population - minimum population necessary to support a service or normal profits
• Industrial Location Theory


  Incorporation of location factor into the "theory of the firm"
• Approaches to Industrial Location Theory

  • Least Cost Approach (Alfred Weber, 1909) - minimization of total costs (transport and production costs) in site selection; supply oriented
  • Market Area Analysis (August Losch, 1954) - optimum location is the site of maximum profit, one that affords greatest access to market and serve greatest demand, demand oriented
  • Profit Maximizing Approach (Walter Isard & Melvin Greenhunt, 1956) - cost and demand factors of location combined, cost reducing and revenue increasing
• Laws of the Indies pronounced by King Philipp II – Spanish town planning influenced by the Romans and the Piazza planning of Italian

  1573
• Plaza Complex


  The plaza is surrounded by important buildings such as the: Catholic church, Municipal hall, Marketplace and merchant's stores, Elementary school, The homes of the "principalia", Other government buildings
• 1596 - spatial segregation along racial and social lines – Indios and Chinese have separate districts; Parian or market – spatial concentration of merchants and artisans to regulate the exchange of goods
• 1600s to 1700s – process of Hispanization through the founding of cabeceras (poblaciones) and visitas (barrios); natives living on the unplanned fringes of the neighborhood
• Cabeceras


  Small mission settlements located at the heart of the town. It functions as center for religious activities and cultural change
• Cuidades


  Urban cluster settlements with non-agricultural population of at least 10,000 persons. It functions as defensive centers, seat of bishoprics, center for education, regional centers for colonial rule. It has a social mix of Spanish concomicaderos, resident ecclesiastics, Principalia and Chines.
• Villas


  Semi-urban nodes strategically scattered for an effective colonial control
• Early 1600s - Manila became the first primate city in Southeast Asia.
• 1650 - chapels or small churches in the cabecera were built to attract tenacious natives from the barrios (hinterlands) through fiestas and processions
• 1790s - opening of the Manila- Acapulco galleon trade; emergence of semi-urban places in the provinces
• 1850s-late 1800s - Chinese dominated central commercial business districts in al settlements; commercial shops on the ground floors of centrally located houses; no more spatially segregated peripheral clusters of Chinese.; decentralized residential pattern for Spaniards
• 1890s - other port cities continue to become regional urban centers; bridges were built along postal routes facilitating transport in Luzon.
• 1903 - City of Manila was incorporated covering Intramuros and 12 fast
• 1940s - zoning ordinance for Manila promulgated but took effect only in 1940; zoning became popular in America in the 1920s.
• 1926-1933 - started the survey of slums by the colonial government. Housing communities were formed to undertake slum clearance and housing projects.
• July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was incorporated. The population then was 190,000 people
• Quiapo


  The illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity.
• Binondo


  The trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs
• Sta. Cruz


  The main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.
• San Nicolas


  Also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of "specialized" categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.)
• Sampaloc


  Centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first "University Town".
• Manuel Quezon – focused on Social Justice.
• 1936 – Vitas Tenement Housing Project
• 1938 – acquisition of land at Diliman Hacienda