Foreign Policy

• What were Mary I's two main aims in foreign policy?

  Restore papal supremacy and marry Philip
• Why did Mary I's foreign policy face conflict?

  Pope Paul IV opposed Spain, complicating relations
• In what year did Mary I get drawn into the Franco-Spanish war?

  1557
• What event triggered England's declaration of war in 1557?

  A failed French-backed landing at Scarborough
• What was the outcome of the Battle of St Quentin for Mary I?

  It was an initial victory for England
• What significant loss did England suffer in January 1558?

  Loss of Calais
• What did the loss of Calais symbolize for Mary I's foreign policy?

  It symbolized the failure of her foreign policy
• What were the successes of Mary I's foreign policy?

  • Expansion of the Royal Navy (5 to 21 warships)
  • Arms Act of 1558 improved military supply
  • Modernisation of the militia through the Militia Act of 1558
  • Secured a powerful Spanish alliance through marriage
  • Negotiated a favorable marriage treaty
  • Gained financial support from Philip
  • Initial military success at the Battle of St. Quentin
• What were the failures of Mary I's foreign policy?

  • Unpopular Spanish marriage alienated English people
  • Sparked Wyatt Rebellion against the marriage
  • Led to foreign conflict in Habsburg-Valois wars
  • Loss of Calais in 1558 was a national humiliation
  • Military failures due to poor funding and equipment
  • Strained relations with the papacy
  • Reversed Northumberland's peace policy
  • Damaged Mary's personal reputation
  • Left a difficult legacy for Elizabeth I
• What was the Arms Act of 1558 designed to improve?

  Procedures for supplying military campaigns
• How did the Militia Act of 1558 modernize troop recruitment?

  It placed responsibility with Crown-appointed Lieutenants
• What financial support did Philip bring to England?

  £40,000 of bullion
• What was the public perception of Mary I's marriage to Philip of Spain?

  It was deeply unpopular and feared
• How did Mary I's foreign policy affect her reputation?

  It damaged her reputation due to military failures
• What legacy did Mary I leave for Elizabeth I?

  A challenging diplomatic inheritance
• What were the main aims of Mary I's foreign policy?

  • Restore England to papal supremacy
  • Marry Philip, heir to the Spanish throne
• How did Mary I's foreign policy conflict with her aims?

  • Pope Paul IV opposed Spain, complicating restoration of Catholicism
  • Marriage to Philip led to unpopularity and rebellion
  • Involvement in wars strained resources and relations
• What was the outcome of the Anglo-Spanish force at the Battle of Saint-Quentin?

  It had an early success
• What was the significance of the loss of Calais in 1558?

  It was a symbol of national humiliation
• How did the war with France affect Mary's foreign policy goals?

  It complicated her goal of restoring Catholicism
• What did Mary I's foreign policy ultimately leave England?

  Financial weakness and hostility from France
• What was the impact of Mary's marriage on England's foreign relations?

  It tied England into costly continental wars