English

• Nouns


  A word whose function in a sentence is to name objects, animals, people, places, or things. Abstract nouns identify qualities or objects, proper nouns are used to name individuals, countries or organisations etc.
• Types of Nouns


  • Abstract nouns
  • Concrete nouns
  • Proper nouns
• Pronouns


  Words that usually substitute for a noun or noun phrase. They include personal pronouns (substitute for names of people) and possessive pronouns (indicating ownership)
• Types of Pronouns


  • Personal pronouns
  • Possessive pronouns
• Verbs


  A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence. Dynamic verbs describe actions, Stative verbs describe states of being, Auxiliary verbs are "helping" verbs used together with a main verb to show the verb's tense or to form a negative or question, Modal verbs are used to show level of possibility, indicate ability, show obligation or give permission
• Types of Verbs


  • Dynamic verbs
  • Stative verbs
  • Auxiliary verbs
  • Modal verbs
• Adjectives


  A word that describes a noun. There are also comparative adjectives that compare two nouns and superlative adjectives which describes something as the warmest of quality
• Types of Adjectives


  • Comparative adjectives
  • Superlative adjectives
• Adverb


  A word that describes or gives more information about a verb
• Conjunction/Connective


  A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause
• Preposition


  A word that is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object
• Clause


  A group of words containing a subject and a verb
• Simple sentence


  A sentence formed of one clause with a single subject and verb. It must have a capital letter and a full stop.
• Compound sentence


  Two main clauses joined by a connective/conjunction
• Complex sentence


  A multi-clause sentence, including at least one main clause and one subordinate clause joined with a conjunction
• Embedded Clause


  A type of subordinate clause that is placed within another clause (rather than before or after), and is usually marked by commas
• Syntax


  The arrangement of words in a sentence. N.B. This is something you should aim to vary in your own writing.
• Full stop


  Used to indicate the end of a declarative sentence. Also used to indicate an abbreviation.
• Comma


  Used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing.
• Apostrophe


  Used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word. Also used to indicate possession.
• Semi-colon


  Used to connect independent clauses. It shows a greater connection between the clauses than if a full stop were used.
• Colon


  1. Used after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation or an example. 2) Used between independent clauses when the second explains the first. 3) Used for emphasis.
• Brackets


  Brackets (parentheses) are punctuation marks used within a sentence to include information that is not essential to the main point.
• Simile


  When you compare two different things using the words fast or like.
• Metaphor


  When you compare two different things by saying one thing is another thing.
• Personification


  When a writer gives something that is not human any human characteristic
• Pathetic fallacy


  When a writer makes the environment reflect the inner experience of a narrator or other characters.
• Tone


  In literature, tone is the attitude or approach that the author takes toward the work's central theme or subject. The tone could be humorous, solemn, ironic, critical, sentimental, etc.
• Mood


  The mood consists of the feelings the work produces in an audience or reader. Authors use tone as well as setting, and theme to produce a certain mood.
• Allusion


  When ideas or words are repeated.
• Asyndetic list


  A list of words joined with commas and without a conjunction
• Syndetic list


  A list joined with a conjunction.
• Theme


  A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work.
• Symbol


  Using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.
• Repetition


  When ideas or words are repeated.
• Contrast


  A contrast is any difference between two or more tangible or abstract things. It often involves a juxtaposition of two unlike things in order to showcase their differences.
• Hyperbole


  The exaggeration of ideas in order to emphasise them
• Synecdoche


  A word or phrase that refers to a part of something is substituted to stand in for the whole, or vice versa.
• Juxtaposition


  Two things that are placed near each other for a contrasting effect.
• Oxymoron


  Two words next to each other that have opposing or contradictory meanings