UCSP FINALS

• Religion


  From the Latin verb religare, which means "to tie" or to "bind fast"
• Each religion possesses a religious tradition that is handed down from one generation to another as part of collective norms in some ways are also fashioned based on geographical and societal context and the changing needs of the times
• Religion


  • Provides the people with a reminder of their common group membership, reaffirmation of their values and roles, maintaining morals and taboos, and comfort during crisis
• Functional roles of religion in society

  • Source of an orderly model of the universe
  • Provide believers with a set of guidelines of what is right and what is wrong (moral norms to live up to)
• Christians acknowledge the significance of the Ten Commandments as a Decalogue of moral conduct
• Chronology of religious development

  • Animism - belief that spirits may dwell in nature, people, or human-made objects
  • Polytheism - the belief in multiple gods
  • Monotheism - the belief in a single, all–powerful deity
• Types of religious organizations

  • Church
  • Sect
  • Denomination
  • Cult
• Church


  Most recognized form of religious organization, religious organizations that claim to possess the truth about salvation exclusively, oriented toward compromises with the prevailing culture and the political sphere, has a clear and organized hierarchal structure
• Sect


  Perceives itself as a unique owner of the truth, constitutes a minority in a given society, usually a group that has broken away from a parent church, recruitment takes place through conscious individual choice, oppose religious pluralism and focus on the promotion of strict religious doctrines that incorporate all aspects of the member's life
• Denomination


  Institutionalized subgroup from a church that could have started as a sect, retains similar teachings, less formal than a church but possess many members because they recruit from other churches and denominations, people join through individual and voluntary choice
• Differences between denomination and sect

  • Denomination: Larger number of members, may start as a sect or be formed through geography, more accepted, has long history
  • Sect: Small number of members, most die quickly but some become denominations over time, has short history, an offshoot of a religion or a group separated from a denomination
• Cult


  From the Latin cultus which means "cultivate", similar characteristics to a sect, but is very loosely organized, transient, and smaller in membership, charismatic leaders serve as a dominant force behind the call for an unusual lifestyle, majority of the groups are short-lived
• Social scientists now refer to "new religions" rather than the derogatory term "cult" because it is more politically correct and neutral
• Cult


  A non-traditional form of religion, whose teachings are derived from either a real or legendary figure, the purpose of which is to aid the individual in the full realization of his or her spiritual powers and/or union with the Divine
• Monotheistic religions

  • Christianity
  • Judaism
  • Islam
• Christianity


  Believes in God the Creator who created, and sustains everything, and is "ceaselessly active in human history" as he creates all possibilities, Christians believe in the Holy Trinity; God as the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, Christianity's sacred text is the Holy Bible which contains writing about god for man, three main groups: Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism
• Judaism


  Traces its beginnings to the time of Abraham, the first Hebrew, who received revelations from God or Yahweh, Jews believe that Yahweh, God created all things "by the unimaginable power of divine speech", the Jews call their sacred temples Synagogues, the foundational text of Judaism is the Torah or Pentateuch which consists of books Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
• Islam


  Strictly believes in one God called Allah, believes that Muhammed (PBUH) as the last and the final prophet or messenger of God because he received divine revelations from Allah, believes in the five important obligatory acts of worship, which are called the Five Pillars of Islamic Faith
• Polytheistic religions


  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
• Hinduism


  World's oldest religion, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years, made up of a complex set of belief systems and practices that encompasses not only religion but also philosophy and culture, believes in Samsara which is the journey of the soul from birth-death-rebirth, Hindu believes in the constant improvement of the soul to reach higher level or social, known in Hindu society as social caste, the goal of Hinduism is to reach the level higher than the Brahmins, or the priestly class, so that one can become united with the universe and reach a state of moksha, the liberation and ultimate freedom from samsara or the cycle of birth-death-rebirth, believe in different gods like Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu
• Books in Hinduism

  • Vedas - a body of oral literature that contains songs and ritual instructions of the and philosophical reflections regarding the Vedas Brahmins
  • Upanishads - theological
  • Brahmanas - treatises on sacrificial rights that emphasize ritualized religions
• Buddhism


  Third major religion in India next to Hinduism and Jainism, believed to be the first international missionary religion established
• Soul


  Constant improvement to reach higher level or social, known in Hindu society as social caste
• Goal of Hinduism


  Reach the level higher than the Brahmins, or the priestly class, so that one can become united with the universe and reach a state of moksha, the liberation and ultimate freedom from samsara or the cycle of birth-death-rebirth
• Hindu gods

  • Brahma, the Creator
  • Shiva, the destroyer
  • Vishnu, the preserver
  • Lesser deities or divine beings
• Hindu scriptures


  • VEDAS - a body of oral literature that contains songs and ritual instructions of the and philosophical reflections regarding the Vedas Brahmins
  • UPANISHADS - theological
  • BRAHMANAS - treatises on sacrificial rights that emphasize ritualized religions
• Buddhism


  • Third major religion in India next to Hinduism and Jainism
  • Believed to be the first international missionary religion established in the sixth century BCE by Siddharta Gautama, a Kshatriyan prince who became Buddha after receiving enlightenment
  • Focuses on the importance of unworldliness and the need for discipline, meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are ways to achieve enlightenment (nirvana)
  • Emphasizes the importance of the middle path. One must avoid extremities -- overindulgence of sensual pleasures and severe asceticism (severe avoidance of indulgence)
  • Achieved by adopting the eight-fold path that consists of the right view, right aspiration, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration
• The Four Noble Truths

  • Noble truth of suffering (dukkha)
  • Noble truth of the cause and origin of suffering (Samudaya)
  • Noble truth of the cessation of suffering (Nirodha)
  • Noble truth of the path to the cessation of the cause of suffering (Magga)
• Mass media


  • Technology that is intended to reach a mass audience
  • The primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public
  • Has an enormous impact on the attitudes and behavior of people towards events and things that affect their day-to-day lives
• Types of mass media

  • Print media (e.g. books, magazines, newspapers)
  • Non-print media (e.g. television, movies, radio, Internet, social media)
• Stereotypes


  Images that can be adopted about specific types of individuals, groups, or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality
• Prejudices


  Prejudgments, or opinions that people have before knowing the full circumstances about a person or an event
• Mass Media is a powerful tool to disseminate gender stereotypes, especially about women
• Propaganda


  Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view
• Countries that use mass media for propaganda

  • North Korea
  • Iran
  • Eritrea
• Development journalism


  To participate in the social, economic, and cultural upliftment of society by reporting and analyzing policies, events, and trends that have a bearing on the society's development
• Radio Veritas reported only about what was happening, about the protests and demonstrations, about events that turned the tide against the Marcos government that state-run media outlets did not report before the EDSA People Power I uprising
• Model of propaganda

  • By Chomskey and Herman (1988)
  • Explains how propaganda and systemic biases function in corporate mass media. It also tackles how consent for policies is "manufactured" in the public mind
• Society spectacle


  • A term coined by French artist and social critic, Guy Debord
  • A visually striking performance or display
  • Mass media do not only maintain the status quo by disseminating propaganda, they can also make or unmake the career of politicians
  • This is evident in how the presidency in the Philippines is portrayed. It is presented in melodramatic terms, using the media spectacle to sell the policies and image of the president to a cast and diverse public