consolidation

• wars of the roses:

  1413 - 1422: Henry V (L)

  1422-1461: Henry VI (L)

  1461-1470: Edward IV (Y)

  1470-1471: Henry IV (L)

  1471-1483: Edward IV (Y)

  1483: Edward I (Y)

  1483-1485: Richard III (Y)

  1485-1509: Henry VII (L/B)
• why was England unstable 1485?

  1. wars of the roses (1455-85)
  2. battle of Bosworth (22nd aug 1485)
  3. henrys weak and questionable claim
  4. the state of england as a country
• why was henrys claim weak?

  • through his mother
  • Edwards 3rd marriage
  • born out of wedlock
  • in exile since 14
• stable:

  • growth in wool and cotton industry
  • advancement in tech and education
  • increase in church
  • monarchy isnt questioned
• unstable:

  • land enclosure
  • 80% pop. peasants
  • black death
  • mixed monarchy
  • small European power
• how Henry consolidated power: 1485-87

  1. backdated reign -21st aug 1485
  2. rewards those who are loyal - 11 knighthoods
  3. imprisoned enemies - earl of Warwick
  4. issued a proclamation - acts of attainder on Yorkist = tonnage + poundage
  5. had corination
  6. met parliament - kind in his own right
  7. Jan 1486 marriage to E. of York - claim without her
  8. goes on a royal progress
  9. sept. 1486 Arthur born
  10. created tutor rose
• problems after Bosworth:

  • Yorkist enemies
  • weak claim
  • establishing Tudor dynasty
  • plots/ rebellions
  • weak foreign affairs
  • long term political instability - WofR
  • state of england as a country
• 1485


  battle of Bosworth victory
• 1486


  • Lovell rebellion fails
  • prince Arthur born
• 1487


  Lambert simnel - battle of stoke field
• 1495


  warbeck defeated in Kent, goes to court of James IV of Scotland
• 1496


  small Scottish forces crosses border but soon returns
• 1497


  warbeck fails to exploit Cornish rebellion and is captured
• 1499


  warbeck executed
• what makes a threatening rebellion?

  • aims
  • military power
  • timing - length of threat
  • foreign support
  • domestic support
  • economic
  • figurehead
  • kings response
• how did H7 establish Tudor dynasty and consolidate power?

  negative strategies:

  • defeated Richard III at bosworth
  • dealt with political opposition
  • dealt with actual threats
• how did H7 establish Tudor dynasty and consolidate power?

  postive strategies:

  • rewarded followers
  • gained wider support
  • tudor propoganda
• defeated Richard III at Bosworth

  • 22nd aug 1485
  • Richard III (Y) vs Henry 7 (L/B)
  • William Stanley stood with henry
  • earl of northumberland held back - Richard wasn't popular
• dealt with political opponents:

  • back dates reign 21st aug 1485 - pass act of attainder against those that stood against him at BofB
  • imprisoned earl and E. of york
  • Lambert simnel, perkin warbeck and edumund de la pole
• dealt with actual threats:

  • lovell (1486-87)
  • simnel (1486-87)
  • warbeck (1491 - 99)
  • suffolk (1501-1506)
• rewarded followers:

  • William stanley as lord chamberlain
  • Reginald bray - chancellor
  • commander at Bosworth given title of Earl of oxford
  • 11 knighthoods on battle field
• gained wider support:

  • parliament (after coronation)
  • pope - marriage to eliz
  • married to E. of York jan 1486 =king in his own right
• Tudor propoganda:

  • coins - changed them to Tudor rose
  • Arthur = embodiment of the Tudor rose
  • architecture
  • tudor rose - unification of the two houses