Biology Paper 1

• Photosynthesis word equation:

  Carbon Dioxide + water > Glucose + Oxygen
• Photosynthesis letter equation

  6CO2 + 6H20 > C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
• animal and plant cells are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus
• nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA) of cells
• prokaryotic cells are bacteria and have no nucleus
• prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
• centimeter: 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m
• millimeter: 1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m
• micrometer: 1 um = 1 x 10-6 m
• nanometer: 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
• differentiation is when cells become specialised
• the hairs on root hair cells increase the surface area to absorb water and disolved minerals more effectively
• root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts
• Xylem are found in the plant stem and transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
• Xylem has very thick walls containing lignin which supports it
• the end walls between xylem cells are broken
• xylem cells have no nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole or chloroplasts
• phloem tubes carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant
• phloem vessel cells have no nucleus and only limited cytoplasm
• independent variable is the variable that is changed by the researcher
• dependent variable is what we measure
• control variable is what we keep the same
• animal cell:

  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
• plant cell:

  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • ribosomes
• glucose is produced in the leaf from photosynthesis
• mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration
• nucleus: controls cell activities
• cell membrane: entry and exit control
• ribosomes: protein synthesis
• cytoplasm: chemical reactions
• cell wall: strong cellulose to support the structure
• vacuole: supports structure by filling with sap
• chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis
• the root hair cell: absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil
• xylem and phloem are vascular tissues
• examples of specialised cell:

  plant:

  • root hair cell
  • xylem
  • phloem

  animal:

  • sperm cell
  • muscle cell
  • nerve cell
• xylem transports water and minerals
• xylem is strengthened by lignin
• translocation happens in the phloem
• phloem transports sugars and amino acids