Unit 4 Review

• Converting the electrochemical proton gradient into ATP using ATP synthase

  Chemiosmosis
• Electron transport chain of aerobic respiration


  Pumps protons into the intermembrane space
• Complex 1 of the electron transport chain

  Also called NADH dehydrogenase
• For every NADH oxidized, Complex 1transports _ electrons and pumps _ protons

  • For every NADH oxidized, it transports 2 electrons and pumps 4 protons
• For every succinate oxidized Complex 2transports _ electrons and pumps _ protons

  • For every succinate oxidized, it transports 2 electrons and pumps 0 protons
• For every NADH oxidizedhow many ubiquinones are reduced to ubiquinol?

  One ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol
• What is another name for Complex III?

  Also called Cytochrome C reductase
• For every ubiquinol entering the Q cycle_ cytochrome c and _ ubiquinones are reduced


  • One cytochrome c and 1/2 ubiquinones are reduced
• For every water molecule produced by complex IV

  • Two cytochrome c are used
• In total for every NADH oxidized by the ETC how many protons are pumped?

  • Ten protons are pumped
• Number of protons required for ATP synthase to make a full rotationis determined by 


  The number of C subunits
• Ribose is not an example of a redox center
• Ubiquinol passes electrons to an iron sulfur cluster in cytochrome bc1which does what?


  Which passes electrons to the heme in cytochrome c
• Where do the light reactions of photosynthesistake place?

  in the thylakoids
• What does Photosystem II do?

  Splits water to harvest electrons, releasing oxygen as a byproduct
• In light reactions, the electrons that originate from water ed up carried by

  End up carried by NADPH
• What does Photosystem I do?

  Uses sunlight to excite an electron, which is then used to reduce ferredoxin
• What is Cytochrome b6f?

  A membrane-bound protein complex that performs a Q cycle similar to the one found in aerobic respiration
• What does Plastoquinone do?

  Picks up protons from the stroma and dumps them into the thylakoid lumen
• Plastocyanin


  A small copper protein that ferries electrons to photosystem I
• Purpose of the light reactions

  To produce ATP and NADH
• ATP and NADH from light reactionsare used

  Are used to reduce 3 phosphoglycerate
• Purpose of the Calvin cycle

  To regenerate the ribulose bis phosphate
• Purpose of the enzyme Rubisco


  To fix CO2 to ribulose bis phosphate
• 6 rounds of carbon fixation by rubiscoproduces what?

  • Will produce the equivalent of 1 glucose and 6 RuBP
• To replace 6 RuBP used to make 1 molecule of glucosewhat will you need?


  • You will need 10 glyceraldehyde
• First step after starting the Calvin cycle with glyceraldehyde

  Use them to make fructose
• Next step after making fructose. What enzyme is used and what does it convert fructose into?


  Use transketolase to convert fructose into erythrose
• Next step after making erythrose. What enzyme do you use and what does in convert erythrose into?

  Use aldolase to convert erythrose into sedoheptulose
• Rubisco evolved when earth's atmosphere contained no oxygen, which is why it catalyzes a wasteful oxygenation reaction that produces glycolate