Challenges of the urbanising world

• Urbanization


  The growth of cities, with more people moving to and living in cities rather than the countryside
• Reasons for urbanization

  • More job opportunities
  • Better services
  • Perceived better opportunities and quality of life
• Hyper-urbanization


  Rapid urbanization, especially in poorer countries, with many people moving from rural to urban areas
• Megacity


  A city with over 10 million people
• World city

  importance and influence bigger than their size suggests
• Urban primacy


  When a city is significantly larger than the next largest city in a country
• Kampala


  • An example of an LIC city with high internal migration and growth of informal sector
• New York


  • An example of an HIC city with growth of tertiary and knowledge economy, as well as overseas migration
• Detroit


  • An example of a city in decline due to deindustrialization and the global shift of manufacturing
• Formal economy


  Economic activities that are taxed and regulated
• Informal economy


  Economic activities that are not taxed or regulated, such as street vending and small businesses
• Kampala


  • Around 80% of people work in the informal sector
• New Delhi/Mumbai

  • Examples of emerging country cities with growth in manufacturing and knowledge economy
• New York

  • Example of a developed country city with a large formal economy and some informal sector
• Suburbanization


  People moving to the outskirts of a city, often wealthier people moving to larger houses
• Counter-urbanization


  People moving out of a city due to issues like crime, pollution, and congestion
• Regeneration


  Improving and redeveloping declining areas of a city, often inner city areas
• Brownfield site


  Land that has been previously developed and is being redeveloped
• Central Business District (CBD)


  The main commercial center of a city, characterized by high-rise buildings and expensive land use
• Inner city


  An area that was previously industrial, now often characterized by a mix of rich and poor, with some regeneration
• Suburbs


  Residential areas outside the inner city, often with housing estates and semi-detached houses
• Rural-urban fringe


  The transition area between the city and the countryside, often with out-of-town shopping centers
• why is NYC known as the most wasteful megacity?

  uses almost a quarter tonne of rubbish daily - dumped on landfill sites = high level of pollution
• What issues has urbanisation brought to the people of Mumbai?

  made people live in illegal squatter settlements
• in Karachi what problems could be caused by the increase in population?

  • poverty
  • violence
  • pollution
• primate city


  dominates economic / financial + political systems
• impacts of economic change that lead to the growth of cities:

  • migrants are attracted to this because of better services
  • high birth rate + low death rate
  • more highly skilled jobs
• what are the impacts of economic change that lead to the decline of cities:

  • increase of migrants = housing prices are expensive
  • women are more career focused
  • competition from abroad = companies can outsource labour
• de-industrialisation


  shutting down of industries
• knowledge economy

   a system of production that is based on intellectual capital
• describe the social and economic impacts of de-industrialisation in Detroit

  one economic impact is that the people who work there won't be getting paid because of the shutting down of industries

  one social impact is that if people need things produced from industries they wont be able to get it, which means that it will be harder to get their resources to survive
• 4 economic sectors

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
• primary sector


  jobs that extract raw materials directly from the Earth or sea
• secondary sector


  jobs that process + manufacture the primary products
• tertiary


  jobs that provide a service
• quaternary


  jobs that provide extra information + help
• types of employment


  informal

  formal
• formal employment


  meet legal standards for accounts / taxes + workers
• informal employment


  where no records are kept
• 3 types of uses of land

  commercial

  industrial

  residential