Challenges to British rule

• Somalia: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan built up an army of 20,000 men to protect Somaliland from British, Italian and Ethiopian invasion.
• Somalia: Hassan began mounting raids into British Somaliland in 1900, antagonising the local communities.
• Somalia: A joint British and Ethiopian force was unable to achieve a conclusive victory and it wasn't until 1920 Hassan's resistance was fully suppressed.
• Sudan: For 30 years Britain struggled to establish control over south Sudan, but the Sudanese refused to renounce their customs and pay taxation.
• Sudan: A total of 33 punitive expeditions were mounted to force the rebels to submit.
• Sudan: There were uprisings in 1900, 1902, 1904, 1908 which were each followed by an increasingly violent wave of British reprisals.
• India: Shivram Paranjape founded a newspaper called the "Kaal" in 1898 where he was also sentenced to imprisonment and the "Kaal" was banned and all writings confiscated.
• India:

  The Young India organisation founded in 1903 became the home of 700 revolutionaries and political activists.

  They carried out assassinations across India of British officials to undermine their rule but apart from petitions an protests the movement did little to threaten British rule.