Plant Structure and Function Quiz

• Tissues in Plants

  1. Meristematic Tissue
  2. Dermal Tissue
  3. Ground Tissue
  4. Vascular Tissue
• Meristematic Tissue

  UNDIFFERENTIATED cells that have the ability to make all other cells

  Found in root tips and APICAL meristems
• Dermal Tissue

  Protects the soft tissues of plant and controls INTERACTIONS with the plant's surroundings
• Ground Tissue

  Lies between the vascular and dermal tissue

  STORAGE, support and photosynthesis
• Vascular Tissue

  Transports WATER and minerals

  Xylem → Transports WATER

  Phloem → Transports SUGARS
• Vascular Tissues (Transport Tissues)

  • movement of water and minerals for growth or storage.  Two types…
  • XYLEM:  transports water up to leaves
  • PHLOEM:  transports sugars to all parts of plant

  **Found in VASCULAR bundles

  **Meristematic tissue found between xylem and phloem
• Roots

  • Extend into the soil to absorb water through OSMOSIS
  • Have ROOT HAIRS to increase SURFACE AREA
• ROOT TIP

  • Made of root CAP that help protect the root as it grows
  • Produce slimy substance which reduces friction

  Site of MITOSIS
• Roots: Casparian Strip

  • Controls flow of WATER into root
  • Water cannot leave once passes casparian strip
  • Directs water into XYLEM
• Stems

  Transports water from root to leaf (XYLEM) and transports sugars to entire plant (PHLOEM)

  **Vascular Bundle are a CONTINUOUS strand of xylem and phloem

  LIGNIN protein found in the stem, Helps support the height of the plant
• Waxy cuticle:  prevents water loss, barrier for PATHOGENS
• Upper Epidermis:  transparent, lets LIGHT through

  (helps protect the leaf by aiding in preventing water loss and providing an extra layer between the outside and inside of the leaf.)
• Palisade mesophyll:  contains chloroplasts with CHLOROPHYLL, where photosynthesis occurs
• Spongy Mesophyll: air spaces for circulation
• Lower Epidermis: stomata (two guard cells)
• Leaf Vein System: Xylem and Phloem (VASCULAR Budles)
• Stomata

  • Small holes in the leaf
  • Allow CARBON DIOXIDE to enter and oxygen and WATER to leave
  • Surrounded by GUARD cells that open and close
• Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen
• Stomata found in dermal layer
• Ground Tissue:

  • Thin cell wall
  • Site of photosynthesis (ex. Palisade mesophyll)
  • Perform cellular processes for development
  • Stores carbohydrates Parenchyma cells
• Ground Tissue:

  • Thick cell wall with LIGNIN (Lignin is a protein that provides strength to a cell)
  • Provide support and protection for plant Sclerenchyma
• Ground Tissue:

  • Elongated and compact cells
  • Thickened wall (non-lignified)
  • Growth (elongation)
  • Storage
  • Strength and protection Collenchyma
• Vascular Tissue

  **Xylem and Phloem are found together in “vascular bundles”

  Meristematic tissue is found between the xylem and phloem
• Vascular Tissue: Xylem

  Transports WATER from root to leaf through capillary action
• Vascular Tissue: Xylem

  Tracheids

  • Long cylindrical cells
  • Pits that allow water and solutes to pass to neighboring xylem
  • Hardened with lignin and provide support for the plant
• Vascular Tissue: Vessel elements

  • Shorter and WIDER than tracheids
  • Thinner walls
  • Ends are perforated to allow flow through the tubes Xylem
• Vascular Tissue: Phloem

  • Phloem transports sugars created by photosynthesis from the leaves
  • Active transport
  • Requires energy to pump molecules against the concentration gradient
• Vascular Tissue: Phloem

  Sieve tube

  • Has cytoplasm but lacks organelles (no nucleus)
  • End of walls have sieve plates
  • Allows sugar to pass to neighboring phloem
• Vascular Tissue: Companion cell

  • Has nucleus and organelles
  • Direct metabolic functions Phloem
• Plant Classification

  Angiosperms (flowering plants) can be further classified into 2 groups based on their cotyledon (embryonic leaf)

  • Monocotyledon (monocots) ex. corn, wheat
  • Dicotyledon (dicots) ex. peanuts, beans
• MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

  A) Root Xylem and Phloem in a ring

  B) VASCULAR Bundles scattered in stem

  C) leaf veins form a parallel pattern

  D) One Cotyledon in seed

  E) Two Cotyledon in seed

  F) Root Phloem between arms of xylem

  G) Vascular bundles in a distinct ring

  H) Lead vains form a net pattern

  
• Roots

  Function

  1. Absorb nutrients
  2. Anchor the plant
  3. Store food
  4. Absorbs water
• Roots: Structure pt1

  Stele: vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) in monocots and dicots

  Root Hairs: Increase surface area for more absorption of nutrients
• Roots: Structure pt2

  Pericycle: Surround vascular bundle and supports xylem and phloem

  Casparian Strip:  allows water to enter the root, but not leave!
• Roots

  Structure

  Cortex: made of parenchymal cells for storage of starch

  Epidermis: covers surface
• Roots

  Apical meristem: 

  • Cells located at the tips of the roots 
  • provides primary growth or elongation (mitosis)
• Roots: Root Cap

  • Protects the growing roots
  • Produces mucus to reduce friction
  • Contains cells that grow down due to gravity.
• Stems (Herbaceous)

  VB is a continuous strand of phloem and xylem and are found:

  Monocot → Scattered

  Eudicot → Around edge
• Pith & Cortex  

  • Both ground tissue that act as storage and support
• The Leaf

  Cuticle - Waxy layer that minimizes water loss made of cutin

  Upper Epidermis - provide protection 

  Palisade and spongy mesophyll inner part of leaf whose function is photosynthesis

  Vascular bundles or veins carry water and nutrients

  Lower Epidermis; contains guard cells that control the opening and closing of Stomata

  When the guard cells absorb water and become turgid(swollen); they curve causing the stomates to open