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Chemistry GCSE
Bonding, structure and properties
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What is
ionic
bonding?
When a
metal
reacts with a
non metal
What happens in ionic bonding?
Electrons
are
transferred
from the
metal
to the
non-metal
, forming
ions
In ionic bonding, the metal becomes a
positive
ion but the
non
metal
becomes a
negative
ion
What is covalent bonding?
When
2
non
metals
share a pair of
electrons
What is the saying for covalent bonding?
Give to get
Ionic
compounds can only
conduct
electricity
when
molten
or
dissolved
in solution
Strong
bonds between
molecules
can be found in
ionic
bonding
In
covalent
bonding, there are
weak
bonds between
molecules
so are easily
broken
Covalent
bonds have a
low
melting
and
boiling
point
How can crystals form?
When ions in a compound are arranged in a
giant ionic structure.
Also known as a
giant ionic lattice
Ionic
compounds have
high
melting
and
boiling
points
Ionic
compounds cannot conduct
electricity
because their
ions
are held
firmly
in place
Covalent
bonds
do
not
conduct
electricity
because there are
no
free
electrons
to carry the charge
What is an allotrope?
A
different
form of the same
element.
What are examples of allotropes of carbon?
Diamond
,
graphite
and
graphene
What are giant covalent structures?
Lots of
atoms
joined together by
covalent
bonds
What are properties of giant covalent structures?
Very
high
melting
points and variable
electrical
conductivity
Diamond
is the
hardest
natural substance due to it's
rigid
structure
Diamond has a
high
melting and boiling point
Diamond
is
shiny
and
strong
What are some uses of diamond?
Jewelry
and
drill
tips
Each
carbon
in
diamond
forms
4
covalent
bonds
Each
carbon
in
graphite
forms
3
covalent
bonds
The structure of
graphite
includes
hexagonal
layers
Every
carbon
in
graphite
has 1
delocalised
electron
so it can
conduct
electricity
Graphite is
slippery
because of the
layers
in it's structure
Graphite is a
good
conductor
of electricity because it's
delocalised
electrons can carry the
electric charge
Graphene
can be used for making objects
bulletproof
e.g
bulletproof
vest
Most
metals
are
malleable
and
ductile
What does
malleable
mean?
The
metal
can be
bent
and
shaped
without it
breaking
What does ductile mean?
Where most
metals
can be
drawn
into
wires
for
electric
cables
Metallic
bonds are
strong
so therefore have
high
melting
and
boiling
points
Metals are
good
conductors
of
heat
and electricity because their
delocalised electrons
can move throughout the metal
The
greater
the number of outer electrons a metal has, the higher it's
melting
and
boiling point
What is a nano particle?
A particle of a
substance
that is 1-100nm in
diameter
Where is nano-silver used?
Wound dressings
to prevent infection,
deodorants
to kill bacteria, insides of
fridges
and
socks
How are nano particles of titanium dioxide used?
In
sunscreen
to block
UV
rays to prevent
sunburn
and skin
cancer
What are the issues with
nano-particles
?
Long
term effects are
unknown
, they are so
small
they can pass through our
skin
and into our
bloodstream
, cause
damage
to
environment
and
animals
What are smart materials?
Materials
that have
properties
which mean that they can change
reversibly
depending on their
environment
What is thermochromic pigments?
Pigments
which can
change
colour
reversibly
with
temperature
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