Geography paper 2

• Urbanization


  Growth in the proportion of people who live in urban areas
• Types of countries by level of urbanization

  • High income countries
  • Low-income countries
  • Newly emerging economies
• High income countries


  More economically developed countries like the UK and Japan, with around 80% of the population living in urban areas and low rates of urbanization
• Low-income countries


  Less economically developed countries like Ethiopia, with only around 30% of the population living in urban areas and high rates of urbanization
• Newly emerging economies

  Countries where economic development is increasing rapidly, with around 50% of the population living in urban areas and moderate rates of urbanization, e.g. Brazil and China
• Rural to urban migration

  The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, a key cause of urbanization
• Push factors for rural to urban migration

  • Lack of healthcare
  • Lack of facilities
  • Worse education
  • Natural disasters
  • Mechanization of agriculture
• Pull factors for rural to urban migration

  • More jobs
  • Better access to healthcare
  • Better education
  • Benefit schemes
• Natural increase


  When the birth rate exceeds the death rate in urban areas due to a younger population moving in
• Most UK cities are located in lowland areas, as the flatter ground is better for buildings and infrastructure
• The population distribution in the UK is unequal, with the northern areas being more sparsely populated and the southern areas more densely populated
• Central Business District (CBD)


  The middle of a city, with most amenities, services and businesses
• Inner city


  An area around the CBD with a mix of residential, business and recreational land uses, often with terraced housing
• Suburbs


  Residential areas on the edge of a city, with more space and semi-detached housing
• Rural-urban fringe


  The area where the urban city meets the rural countryside, with farmland and potential future housing developments
• Sustainable urban living


  Living in a way that meets current needs without compromising the needs of the future
• Ways to make cities more sustainable

  • Conserve water and energy
  • Create green spaces
  • Reduce and recycle waste
  • Manage traffic
• Water conservation


  Only taking as much water from the environment as can be naturally replaced, using methods like rainwater harvesting and water meters
• Energy conservation


  Promoting renewable energy, increasing energy efficiency, and reducing car usage
• Green spaces


  Parks and green areas that provide environmental, health and recreational benefits
• Waste reduction and recycling


  Reducing waste going to landfill by recycling and reusing materials
• Traffic management schemes

  • Encouraging public transport use (e.g. DLR, London Underground)
  • Providing self-service bikes
  • Creating bicycle lanes
• Docklands Light Railway


  Automatic train system that connects the east of London to the city center, operates mostly on tracks above street level
• The Docklands Light Railway is used by 120 million people per year
• London Underground


  Network of ways to take people off the roads, takes 3 million people off the roads every day
• Self-service bikes


  Can be electric or regular bikes, the cheapest form of public transport, provided with bicycle lanes in London
• Oyster cards


  Allow people to travel on most of London's public transport network without having to buy separate tickets, reduces waste of buying tickets
• Congestion charge


  Charge paid when entering certain areas of London, dissuades people from using cars and persuades them to use public transport
• Bus priority lanes


  Allow buses to take precedence and not get delayed by traffic, attracts people to use public transport
• Parking restrictions


  Ensure parked cars do not block the traffic flow
• Ring roads


  Pedestrianized shopping streets that keep traffic away from the city center, ensuring a safer experience for pedestrians
• Development


  Economic growth, progress in technology, and improvement of welfare
• Gross National Income (GNI)


  Total value of all goods and services produced by a country
• GNI per head


  Total GNI divided by the population of the country
• Birth rate


  Number of live births per thousand of the population per year
• Death rate


  Number of deaths per thousand people of the population per year
• Infant mortality rate


  Number of babies below the age of one year old dying before they become one per thousand babies born
• Literacy rate


  the number of people who can read and write
• Access to safe water

  Measure of development
• Life expectancy

  Average age a person can expect to live to