Statistical analysis

• Content Analysis


  Research tool to observe words, images, or concepts indirectly in media
• Thematic Analysis


  Identifying emergent themes in qualitative data and interpreting their meaning
• Top Down Analysis


  Starting with an idea and applying symptoms to analyze data
• Bottom Up Analysis


  Open-ended analysis without initial assumptions, like unstructured observation
• Nominal Data


  Data in separate categories without order, e.g., Obeyed/Disobeyed
• Ordinal Data


  Data ordered in some way, e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd place
• Interval Data


  Measurement with equal intervals, e.g., minutes, kilograms
• Ratio Data

  Scale data with a true zero, e.g., weight, time, distance
• Statistically Significant


  Result unlikely due to chance, often at 5% level of significance
• Null Hypothesis


  Assuming any difference is due to chance, rejected if results are significant
• Type I Error


  Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis
• Type II Error


  Incorrectly accepting a false null hypothesis
• Probability


  Expressed as p-value, likelihood of an event occurring
• Statistical Significance


  Result allows rejecting the null hypothesis.
• Level of Significance


  Commonly 5% in psychology, represents balance between errors.
• Inferential Statistics


  Techniques for data analysis and hypothesis testing.
• Spearman's rho


  Test for correlation with ordinal data.
• Pearson's r


  Test for correlation with interval data.
• Wilcoxon Test


  Compares two related samples.
• Mann-Whitney Test


  Compares two independent samples.
• Related t-test


  Compares means of related groups.
• Unrelated t-test


  Compares means of unrelated groups.
• Chi-square Test


  Compares observed and expected frequencies.
• 3D Decisions


  Criteria to choose statistical test: Difference, Design, Data.
• Critical Value Table


  Used to determine statistical significance.
• Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient

  Calculates correlation for ordinal data.
• Chi-Square Formula


  Calculates Chi-square value for observed and expected frequencies.
• Degrees of Freedom

  Calculated as (rows-1)(columns-1) for Chi-square test.
• Mann Whitney U Test


  Compares two independent samples with ordinal data.
• Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test

  Compares two related samples with ordinal or interval data.
• Parametric Tests

  Tests requiring normal distribution and similar variances.
• Dependent Variable

  Variable affected by independent variable changes.
• Extraneous Variable


  Uncontrolled variable affecting study outcomes.
• Stratified Sample


  Sample divided into subgroups for representation.
• Random Allocation


  Equal assignment of participants to conditions.
• Mean


  Average value of a dataset.
• Standard Deviation


  Measure of data dispersion around the mean.