murder

• Sir Edward Coke


  Murder is the 'unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being under the king's peace with malice aforethought expressed or implied
• Re A


  All killing are unlawful unless there is a valid justification
• R v Clegg


  Excessive force
• R v Gibbins and Proctor


  Killings can be an act or omission
• Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority


  A foetus is not a human being
• R v Malcherek and Steel


  A brain dead person isn't a human being
• R v Kimsey


  Legal causation: more than a slight or trifling link
• R v Hughes


  Legal causation: more than minimal
• R v Pagett


  Factual causation: 'but for' test
• R v Vickers


  Intention to cause GBH
• R v Mohan


  Direct intention (to kill): D intended to cause V's consequence
• R v Woolin


  Oblique intention (to cause GBH): Consequence was virtually certain and reasonably foreseeable
• Actus reus of murder


  Unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being under the King's Peace
• Mens rea for murder


  Malice aforethought, express or implied