final exam

• deductive argument


  (descartes) starts with a universal statement & ends with a particular
• inductive argument


  (Bacon, Hobbes) inference that starts from particular to a universal/general
• metaphysics


  the true nature of reality
• hylomorphism


  (aristotle) theory that all things are made up of matter & form
• substantial forms 


  theoretical explanation for all phenomena in nature can be explained by the substances form of essence
• substances


  (aristotle) thing that has properties
• esssential properties


  what makes the thing what it is
• accidental properties


  properties a substance has that can change without the thing changing
• true accident


  whether or not it belongs to a substance
• orpuscularianism


  metaphysical view that everything is composed of tiny particles that have shape, size, & motion
• mechanism


  all phenonema in nature can be explained by phenonema in nature can be explained by size, shape, & motion of tiny particles
• epistemology 


  study of knowledge
• innate ideas


  ideas that we are born with
• rationalism


  view that some knowledge can be had prior to experience
• a priori


  knowledge prior to experience
• a posteriori 


  all knowledge that comes after experience
• empiricism


  someone (Locke) who believes that all knowledge comes from experience
• universals/generals


  every member of that kind (some subset, smaller population)
• particulars


  one or individual
• materialism


  (hobbes, cavendish) comes from that only physical things exist, matter
• monism


  (elisabeth) believes that there is one substance, mind or body
• dualism


  (descarte) believes that there is two substances, mind AND body
• idealism


  (berkley) the only thing that exists is minds and ideas - no matter; independent objects
• mind independent objects


  objects can exist without perception
• naturalism


  metaphysical view that all causes are natural causes
• vitalism


  everything that exists is physical, but also living and has knowledge (everything of size, shape, and motion)
• rational parts


  fastest moving motions of matter, self moving
• sensitive parts


  self moving, moves the inanimate parts
• inanimate parts


  parts of matter that does not have self movement, needs other parts of movement, but has knowledge
• mind/soul/spirit


  mind is immaterial, can't be divided into parts, doesn't take up space
• self motion


  being able to move by self, not being pushed or pulled by other force
• double perception


  cavendish view of perception; sensitive part perceives, then communicates to ratinal part (becomes aware)
• causal theory of perception


  sensory organs come in contact with something in physical world, cause chain of reactions & we perceive
• perception


  sense used to acquire information from the world around us; directions from body goes to mind
• primary qualities 


  size, shape, & motion
• secondary qualities


  color, taste, smell, sound