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• The time period for unit one is Circa 1200 to 1450 and the basic idea of this unit is to drop in on the various major civilizations around the world and understand how they are building and maintaining their state
• State


  A territory that is politically organized under a single government
• This video is part of a larger resource called the AP World History heimler review guide which has whole unit review videos, note guides, practice multiple choice questions, and practice exams with answer keys
• Song Dynasty

  The folks in charge in China from 960 to 1279
• How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its rule

  • Emphasizing Confucianism
  • Expansion of the Imperial bureaucracy
• Neo-Confucianism


  A revival of Confucian thought with some changes, including reducing the influence of Buddhism
• Filial piety


  The necessity and virtue of children obeying and honouring their parents and ancestors
• Position of women in Song China

  • Stripped of legal rights
  • Endured social restrictions like limited access to education and the practice of foot binding
• Bureaucracy


  A government entity arranged hierarchically that carries out the will of the emperor
• Civil service examination system in Song China

  • Eligible men had to pass exams heavily based on Confucian classics
  • Theoretically open to all but required wealth to study
• The kingdoms of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were influenced by Chinese traditions during the Song Dynasty
• Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

  • Life is suffering
  • We suffer because we crave
  • We see suffering when we cease craving
  • Living a moral life according to the Eightfold Path can cease craving
• Theravada Buddhism


  Confined the practice of Buddhism to monks and monasteries
• Mahayana Buddhism


  Encouraged broader participation in Buddhist practices and the idea of bodhisattvas helping others attain enlightenment
• Economic developments in Song China

  • Commercialization of the economy
  • Innovations in agriculture like Champa rice
  • Innovations in transportation like the Grand Canal
• Dar al-Islam


  The house of Islam, referring to places where Islamic faith was the organizing principle
• Other major religions practiced in the Dar al-Islam were Judaism and Christianity
• Abbasid Caliphate


  A dominant Muslim empire before 1200 with an Arab ethnic base
• Rise of Turkic Muslim empires

  • Seljuk, Mamluk, and Delhi Sultanate
  • Continued some practices from the Abbasids like Sharia law
• Muslim scholars preserved and translated ancient Greek works, which later influenced the European Renaissance
• Expansion of Muslim rule in Dar al-Islam

  • Military expansion
  • Trade and merchant activity
  • Sufi missionary activity
• In South and Southeast Asia, the three main competing belief systems were Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam
• Local beliefs is why Islam spread so easily, much of the conversion that occurred in South Asia was the result of Sufi missionary
• Main religions that vied for dominance in South and Southeast Asia

  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Islam
• By 1200, Buddhists in South Asia were mainly reduced to monastic communities in the North in Nepal and Tibet
• Hinduism remained the most widespread religion in India, but Islam became the second most important and influential religion in the region with the establishment of the Delhi sultanate
• Bhakti movement


  An innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism, with emphasis on devotion to one of the Hindu gods
• In Southeast Asia, it was mainly Buddhism and Islam that were competing for dominance
• The Muslim Delhi sultanate had difficulty holding on to rule and imposing a total Muslim state upon the majority Hindu population in India
• Rajput Kingdom

  • A collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms that existed before Muslim rule in Northern India, able to keep Muslim rule at bay
• Vijayanagara Empire


  • Established in 1336 as a counterpoint to Muslim rule in the north, by former Hindus who had converted to Islam under pressure but then converted back to Hinduism
• Majapahit Kingdom


  • A Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia, one of the most powerful states in the region, maintained influence through controlling sea trade routes
• Khmer Empire

  • Founded as a Hindu kingdom, later the leadership converted to Buddhism, evident in the structure of Angkor Wat
• By 1200, the majority of the population in the Americas lived in two major centers of civilization: Mesoamerica and the Andean civilization
• Aztec Empire

  • Founded in 1345, an aggressive empire that conquered and required tribute from conquered regions, including human sacrifice as part of their religion
• Inca Empire


  • More centralized and intrusive in the lives of conquered peoples than the Aztecs, required labor on state projects from all people under their rule
• Mississippian culture


  • The first large-scale civilization in North America, focused on agriculture, organized around large towns and monumental mounds
• Swahili Civilization


  • A series of independent city-states along the East African coast, influenced by Muslim traders and became Islamic
• West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)


  • Powerful and highly centralized civilizations, driven by trade and conversion of elites to Islam
• Hausa Kingdoms


  • A series of city-states in West Africa, organized and grew powerful through trans-Saharan trade