bio final

• porifera


  sponges
• Cnidarians 


  Corals, Sea Anemone, Jellyfish
• Echinoderms 


  Sea urchins, Sea Stars
• challenges of plants moving from a watery environment onto land

  dehydration, protection of gametes, zygotes, and embryos drying out, keeping internal cells moist, water transportation throughout body
• internal vascular system


  allowed successful water transportation to certain plant groups
• basic characteristics shared by plants and green algae


  contain chlorophyll a and b, store carbohydrates as starch, have cellulose in cell walls
• five major evolutionary stages of land plants

  mosses- embryo protection, lycophytes- vascualar tissue, ferns- megaphylls, gymnosperms- seeds, angiosperms- flowers
• alternation of generations life cycle


  two multicellular individuals alternate, each producing the other- a sporophyte (diploid/2n) and a gametophyte (haploid/n)
• sporophyte


  produce haploid spores by meiosis, which produce gametophytes my mitosis
• gametophytes


  produce gametes by mitosis that can fuse to form the diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte by mitosis
• nonvascular plants (mosses)


  lack vascular tissue, bryophytes (first plants on land), short and do not have roots, stems, or leaves, gametophyte is dominant, flagellated sperm, moist locations, can survive in harsh environments due to ability to asexually reproduce
• mosses


  can produce asexually by fragmentation. parts- foot, stalk, sporangium, found on stone walls, fences, cracks of hot rocks
• limiting features of vascular plants

  inability to transport water/ nutrients (no vascular tissue), restricted to moist environments (gametophyte requires film of water for flagellated sperm)
• seedless vascular plants (ferns)


  xylem (constructs water/ minerals from soil and supports body), pholem (transports nutrients), have true roots, stems, and leaves, sporophyte is dominant, lycophtes and ferns producing windblown spores, compressed to form coal
• gymnosperms (conifers)


  pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, redwood, cypress, oldest and largest trees, leaves conserve water due to thick cuticle and recessed stomata
• gymnosperms (ginkgos)


  one surviving species(biloba/ the maidenhair tree), female trees produce a foul oder, resistant to pollution
• angiosperms


  large and successful with the most known species, monocots and eudicots
• anther


  produces pollen
• stamen parts


  anther, filament
• stigma


  recieves pollen
• gymnosperms disperse pollen and seeds
• angiosperms produce windblown pollen or rely on a pollinator
• fruits are the final product of the flower and disperse seeds
• seed distribution (fruits)


  water, animals, hooks that catch onto fur
• microspores develop in pollen sacs and become pollen grains (male gametophyes)
• megaspores develop in the ovule and 1/4 becomes the embryo sac (female gametophyes)
• features that only apply to FLOWER plant life cycle


  double fertillization resulting in the presence of endosperm and a zygote, presence of ovary leading to a fruit enclosed seed, animal pollinators
• monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaves that nourish embryo) and eudicots have two
• animal characteristics


  motile, multicellular heterotrophs that ingest their food, diploid life cycle
• invertebrates lack an endoskeleton and vertebrates have one
• cephalization is associated with bilateral symmetry
• sponges (porifera)


  simple invertebrate, cellular level of organization, lack true tissues, typically asymmetrical, have both male and female sex organs (hermaphroditic), use collar cells to create water current, filter feeders, skeleton composed of spicules
• cnidarian (comb jellies)


  radical symmetry, two tissue layers derived from germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm), made up of mesoglea, stinging cells called cnidocytes containing toxic capsule nematocyst, gastrovascular cavity for digestion and circulation of nutrients, polyp or medusa
• flatworms 


  flukes (two suckers to attach) and tapeworms (scolex for attachment and proglottids for reproduction) cephalization, muscles, ladder type nervous system
• molluscs


  visceral mass, radula, foot, open circulatory system, reduced coelom
• gastropods


  nudibranchs, conchs, snails
• cephalopods


  marked cephalization, closed circulatory system, jet propulsion for movement
• bivalves


  filter feeders, open circulatory system, radula, hatchet foot, clams
• annelids (earthworms)


  segmented internally and externally, hydrostatic skeleton with fluid filled interior supporting muscle contraction and flexibility, nervous system has brain and ventral solid nerve cord, oligochaetes, nephridium as waste collection
• arthropods


  most diverse group of animals, flexible exoskeleton, segmentation, well developed nervous system, metamorphosis, respiratory organs