Chapter 9

• When a shell comes into contact with pure water it _____.

  swells
• An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of _____.

  diabetes mellitus.
• The hormone ____ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _____.

  aldosterone; kidneys
• About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for ______ processes.

  behavioral
• Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY (Neuropeptide Y) neurons?

  Ghrelin and PYY3-36
• The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called _____.

  glycogen
• Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

  A turtle basking on a sunny log
• A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is ______.

  redundancy
• Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.

  morbid obesity
• Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______.

  adrenals; aldosterone
• Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to _____.

  eat less
• One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be ______.

  increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity
• Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called ____.

  ketones
• The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

  type I diabetes
• Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?


  Cephalic
• People suffering from bulimia nervosa ______.

  get caught in binge-purge eating cycles
• Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the _____.

  hypothalamus
• _______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

  homeostasis
• What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?

  it stimulates eating
• The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.

  osmotic; hypovolemic
• In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?

  An initial increase in food intake
• The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.

  cholecystokinin (CCK)
• Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.

  adipose
• One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that _____.

  untreated diabetics are hungry
• Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

  NPY
• Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

  leptin
• Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?

  Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
• The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the _____.

  vascular system
• Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?

  Vasopressin
• Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

  Lowering your breathing rate
• Variables such as acidity, water level, oxygenation, temperature, and energy availability are closely monitored and controlled by elaborate psychological systems. Deviations from optimum states can affect motivation.
• the psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior, and the effect can escalate rapidly as the deviation worsens from a minor distraction to an overwhelmingly powerful need.

  motivation
• the active process of maintaining a relatively constant internal temperature through behavioral and physiological adjustments

  thermoregulation
• an animal whose body temperature is regulated by, and whose heat comes mainly from, the environment

  ectotherm
• an animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes(i.e. metabolism and muscular activity)


  endotherm
• the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate temperature, body fluids, and metabolism through a system that monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached


  negative feedback
• the point of reference in a feedback system

  set point
• the optimal range of a variable that a negative feedback system tries to maintain; less rigid that a set point

  set zone
• Lesion experiments have shown that different hypothalamic sites control two separate thermoregulatory systems.
• Lesions in the preoptic area (POA) of rats impair physiological responses to cold, such as shivering and constriction of blood vessels, but did not interfere with such behaviors as pressing levers to control heating lamps or cooling fans.