Human phys (respiration and renal)

• Respiration consists of (in order): ventilation, external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and internal respiration.
• pathway of respiration

  Nasal cavity to naso-, oro-, laryngopharynx to larynx to trachea to primary bronchi to secondary bronchi to tertiary bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli
• The function of nasal conchae in respiration: increase the surface area of the nasal cavity in order to provide warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs
• The paranasal sinus protects the organism mostly by humidifying the inhaled air and facilitating the immune response of the respiratory system.
• Mucus traps particles in the airstream.
• The cilia beat and produce directed movement.
• the cilia in the nasal cavity beat downward
• the cilia in the trachea beat upward
• A sneeze is controlled by cranial nerve V
• A cough is controlled by cranial nerve X
• Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity.
• pleural fluid acts as a lubricant and prevents friction between the lung and the chest wall.
• The parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity
• The visceral pleura covers the lungs’ surface.
• the epiglottis protects your ability to breathe by protecting your larynx, it also keeps food and liquid from getting into the respiratory system
• When the vocal folds are moved close to each other, but not tightly pressed together, air passing through the laryngeal cavity during expiration will cause the vocal fold edges to vibrate and produce sound.
• the trachea is reinforced by c-shaped cartilage rings, which give then their cylindrical shape and support them
• the bronchi enters the lungs
• the bronchioles are the first airway branches that n longer contain cartilage.
• bronchioles will constrict during an asthma attack
• Alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium
• alveoli are the site of external respiration
• dust cells are macrophages and have a defensive function
• sufactants are produced by secretory cells in the alveoli
• Surfactants reduce surface tension within alveoli
• if someone were missing surfactants they would experience respiratory distress syndrome
• Muscles involved in quiet inspiration: external intercostals and diaphragm
• Muscles of forced inspiration: sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and serratus.
• muscles involved in quiet expiration: none
• Forced expiration uses E neurons.
• Muscles involved in forced expiration: internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
• the diaphragm is the primary muscle of ventilation
• when the diaphragm is contracted it flattens and inspiration occurs
• when the diaphragm is relaxed and returns to its dome-shaped position, expiration occurs
• when the volume in the lungs increases, the pressure of the thorax increases
• when the volume of the lungs decrease, the pressure of the thorax decreases.
• expiration is passive because no energy is required
• inspiration is an active process that requires energy from the body
• during normal breathing, there are two phases of respiration: inspiratory phase and expiratory phase
• the alveoli have thin walls which allow gaseous exchange between air and blood