Circulatory

• Circulatory system


  Concerns the distribution of substances after being absorbed or secreted in the body
• Substances distributed by the circulatory system

  • Gaseous materials
  • Hormones
  • Digested products
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Metabolic wastes
  • Other substances which every cell needs for its metabolism
• Vertebrate circulatory system


  • Heart
  • Closed system of vessels (arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, capillaries)
  • Blood and lymph as carrier media
• Pulmonary circulation


  1. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

  2. Oxygenation and CO2 excretion in lung capillaries

  3. Oxygenated blood flows from lungs to left atrium
• Systemic circulation


  1. Oxygenated blood from left ventricle pumped into aorta

  2. Gaseous exchange between tissues and capillaries

  3. Venous system returns CO2-laden blood to right side of heart

  
• Heart


  • Located in thoracic cavity
  • Surrounded by pericardium
  • Consists of left and right ventricles, left and right atria
• Coronary artery


  • On the surface of the heart and its branches
• Superior vena cava


  • Returns blood from head and shoulder to right heart
• Inferior vena cava


  • Returns blood from organs below diaphragm to right heart

  
• Pulmonary artery


  • Carries blood from right ventricle to lungs
• Aorta


  • Arches to the left just anterior to the heart
• Pulmonary veins


  • Empty into the left atrium
• Pulmonary semilunar valve


  • Valve at the exit of the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
• Tricuspid valve


  • Separates the right ventricle from the right atrium
• Chordae tendineae


  • Connective tissue strands that hold the valves to the papillary muscle of the ventricle, preventing blood from being forced into the atrium when the ventricle contracts
• Myocardium


  • Thinner in the atrium than the ventricle
• Septa


  • Walls between the right and left heart
  • Interatrial septum separates left and right atria
  • Interventricular septum separates left and right ventricles
• Pulmonary artery


  • Leaves the right ventricle to the lungs
• Aorta


  • Vessel that leaves the left ventricle
• Ascending aorta


  • First part of the aorta, gives rise to the coronary arteries
• Brachiocephalic artery


  • Large straight artery running anteriorly on the right side of the aortic arch
• Right and left common carotid arteries

  • Branches of brachiocephalic that pass anteriorly alongside the trachea and give rise to smaller branches in the neck and head regions
• Internal mammary artery


  • Springs from the ventral surface of the subclavian artery
• Vertebral artery


  • Arises from the dorsal surface of the subclavian
• Costocervical axis


  • Branch of the subclavian artery
• Thyrocervical axis


  • Branch of the subclavian artery
• Axillary artery


  • Subclavian artery passing in front of the first rib into the axilla
• Ventral thoracic artery


  • Passes medially to the medial ends of the pectoral muscles
• Long thoracic artery


  • Passes posteriorly along the middle region of the pectoral muscle and then to the latissimus dorsi
• Subscapular artery


  • Large artery near the arm
• Left subclavian artery


  • Arises directly from the arch of the aorta and has the same branches as the right side
• Thoracic aorta


  • Aorta coursing along the thorax, with paired intercostal arteries as chief branches
• Abdominal aorta


  • Unpaired median visceral branches to digestive tract, paired lateral visceral branches to kidneys and reproductive organs, and paired somatic branches to body wall
• Coeliac artery


  • Anterior branch of the dorsal (abdominal) aorta, divides into hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries
• Superior mesenteric artery


  • Supplies greater part of intestine, gives rise to middle colic, posterior pancreaticoduodenal, and ileocolic arteries
• Adrenolumbar arteries

  • Small, paired branches supplying adrenal gland and muscles of back and diaphragm
• Renal arteries


  • Large, paired arteries supplying the kidneys
• Genital arteries


  • Posterior to renal arteries, supply reproductive organs (spermatic/testicular artery in males, ovarian artery in females)
• Inferior mesenteric artery


  • Unpaired, caudad to genital arteries, supplies large intestine
• Iliolumbar arteries


  • Paired, supplying back muscles