Plant Reproduction

• The stamen consists of two parts - the filament (stalk) and anther (pollen sac).
• The style is the long tube that connects the stigma to the ovary.
• The ovary is the lower part of the carpel, where the egg cell develops.
• Pollen grains are produced within the anthers.
• Sepal: each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals and typically green and leaflike.

  
• Petal: each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically coloured.
• Flower receptacle is the structure that holds the flower parts together and supports the flower
• Sexual reproduction: The process of producing offspring through fusion of gametes from two parents.
• Asexual reproduction is when one parent produces offspring with the same genetic makeup as itself
• The male part of a flower is called the stamen
• The female part of a flower is called the carpel
• Plants shoot functions are: photosynthesis, transport of food and water, reproduction, storage.
• Plants root system functions are: absorbing water and minerals from the soil, anchoring the plant to the ground, transport of food and water, reproduction.
• Plants major organs are roots, stems, leaves, reproductive structure.
• The importance of plants are: Photosynthesis sustains life, Food, Fuel, Shelter, Fertilisers, Medicines, Paper Products, Construction Materials.
• Tissue a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure.
• Kinds of meristems: apical (tip) meristems, lateral (roots) meristems, and intercalay (shoots) meristems
• Epidermis

  -the outermost layer of the primary plant body

  -covers the leaves, floral parts,fruits, seeds, tems and roots
• Periderm: outer layer of dead cells that protects the cambium layer.
• Parenchyma cells: Have a large surface area for photosynthesis and are specialised for storage.
• Collenchyma cells: Provide support to young stems and leaves by being elongated with thickened cell walls.
• Sclerenchyma cells: Are very strong due to their lignified cell wall which provides mechanical strength to plant tissues.
• Taproot: a straight tapering root growing vertically downwards and forming the centre from which subsidiary rootlets spring.
• Fibrous Root System: A system where many roots grow horizontally or at an angle below ground level.
• Zone of elongation

  - the newly-formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root
• Zone of maturation

  - the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells differentiate into specialized cell types.
• Stem

  •Support the plant

  •Transport nutrients to the rest ofthe plant

  •Compete for sunlight by holding leaves higher
• The stem does photosynthesis andstores water.
• Part of stem

  
• Stems are divided into segmentscalled internodes.

  •A node is at the end of each internode.

  •At the point of attachment, eachleaf has bud.
• A bud is capable of developing into a new shoot.    The bud has apical meristemenclosed in special leaves    called bud scales.
• At the tip of each stem there is usually a terminal bud. Each spring when growth resumes, the terminal bud opens.
• Rhizomes a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface.
• Bulbs are vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food (Onion)
• Stolon's (runners - lumalapad) are horizontal shoots that grow along the surface.
• Tubers in plants such as these potatoes, are enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food.
• Auxiliary buds (sibol sa stems)
• The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ,

  although green stems also perform    photosynthesis.
• A simple leaf has a single, undivided blade.
• In a compound leaf, the blade consists of multiple leaflets.