Infection and response - T3

• pathogen

  microorganism that causes disease
• examples of pathogens

  bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
• ways disease spreads

  -air (droplet transmission)

  -water

  -bodily fluids

  -direct contact

  -vector
• what is a virus

  small piece of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat that replicates in cells
• how do viruses reproduce

  invade a new cell, copy themselves using nutrients from host to produce hundreds of new viral particles, which then burst out of the cell (killing it)
• how do bacteria make you feel ill

  by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues
• how do viruses make you feel ill

  Live and reproduce inside cells, causing mass cell death
• what causes measles


  virus
• how is measles spread

  inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

  
• symptoms of measles

  red rash, fever (high temp etc)

  
• treatments for measles


  vaccination program
• what causes HIV


  virus
• how is HIV spread

  sex, sharing needles with infected people, contaminated blood, mother to fetus (birth / breast feeding)
• symptoms of HIV

  flu like symptoms

  -> attacks WBCs so little immune response
• treatment for HIV


  antiretroviral drugs
• consequences of HIV

  Can lead to AIDS

  
  

  Antibody production becomes ineffective (immune system so weak)

  -> unable to defend against infection, which would be easily fought off by a healthy immune system
• what causes TMV


  virus
• how is TMV spread

  direct contact
• symptoms of TMV


  Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves

  
• consequences of TMV

  reduced chlorophyll->reduced photosynthesis->reduced glucose production->stunted growth / lower yield
• what causes rose black spot

  fungus
• how is rose black spot spread

  (spores in) water and wind
• symptoms of rose black spot

  Purple or black spots develop on leaves which turn yellow and drop early.

  
• consequences of rose black spot
• treatment for rose black spot

  fungicides, removing / destroying infected leaves (e.g. burning)
• what causes malaria


  protist
• how is malaria spread

  Female mosquito's bite
• symptoms of malaria

  high fever, sweat, chills, headache, vomiting, chest / muscle pain, diarrhoea
• consequences of malaria


  death in bad cases
• treatment / prevention for malaria

  prevent vectors from breeding (e.g. remove large bodies of water)

  mosquito nets

  mosquito repellent

  vaccine
• what causes salmonella


  bacteria
• how is salmonella spread

  through contaminated food (from source or prepped in unhygienic conditions)
• symptoms of salmonella

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
• consequences of salmonella


  can cause severe dehydration which can be fatal
• treatments / prevention

  avoid cross contamination, poultry vaccinated
• what causes gonorrhoea


  bacteria
• how is gonorrhoea spread

  sexual contact
• symptoms of gonorrhoea

  thick green / yellow discharge, pain when urinating, bleeding
• consequences of gonorrhoea


  blindness in babies
• treatments / preventions for gonorrhoea

  antibiotics, barrier contraception