Plant reproduction

• Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
• Fill in the blanks of the steps of asexual reproduction in an amoeba.

  A) size

  B) pseudopodia

  C) nucleus

  D) divide

  E) amoeba

  
• Bacteria do not have a nucleus containing chromosomes so they cannot divide by mitosis, and instead divide by process of binary fission which literally just means splitting in two.
• Bacteria copies DNA, divides into two, and in the right conditions can divide every 20 minutes.
• Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissilimar/varied offspring
• Complete this diagram for the process of sexual reproduction:

  A) 46

  B) 23

  C) 23

  D) sperm

  E) egg

  F) meiosis

  G) fertilisation

  H) gametes

  I) zygote

  
• Asexual reproduction can lead to offspring that are super well adapted to one specific or particular environment, and it allows for single organisms to reproduce on their own (which is especially good if the organism is growing in an isolated location).
• Asexual reproduction however leads to their being no genetic variation between all offspring, and can lead to crowding in an environment as they all use the same resources. If an organism is not well adapted to its environment it could easily lead to extinction, and asexual reproduction also leads to plants staying in the same area and not colonising new areas.
• Sexual reproduction leads to variation amongst offspring, and in plants seeds are dispersed which lead to colonising new areas and increasing the population in new areas.
• The downside of sexual reproduction sit the need for two individuals to produce offspring.
• runners in strawberries, a natural method wherein from the crown of the plant a node forms which leads to a runner branching out with a clone.
• cuttings is an artificial method of asexual reproduction in plants, where in from a tree for example a branch is cut off, and it becomes grafted to root stock or rooted in greenhouses to form another tree.
• Fill in the blanks of this diagram of an insect pollinated, dicotyledonous flower:

  A) stigma

  B) style

  C) ovary

  D) ovule

  E) carpel

  F) petal

  G) anther

  H) filament

  I) stamen

  J) sepal

  K) nectary

  L) receptacle

  M) flower stalk

  
• Sepals protect the flower when in bud.
• Petals are brightly coloured and potentially patterned to attract insects (insect pollinated).
• Nectary contains nectar, which is a sweet sugary liquid that insects feed on, to attract pollinators.
• The anther contains the pollen grains.
• The ovary contains ovules.
• Ovules contain the female gametes.
• The stigma is the top of the style, which catches pollen grains.
• The style is the in between of the ovary and the stigma.
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant.
• Self-pollination and cross-pollination are the two types of pollination.
• Self-pollination produces no genetic variation.
• Wind pollinated flowers have either small or non-existent petals, no scent, no nectaries, with anthers dangling outside the flower so they'll catch the wind, and stigmas that are large and feather and dangling outside the flower where pollen in the air may land on it, and smooth light pollen that can be blown in the wind, and release larger quantities of pollen than insect pollinated flowers.
• Insect pollinated flowers have sticky or spiky pollen grains which stick to insects, and most parts that are dangling outside in wind pollinated flowers are inside where insects have to brush past them to reach the nectar.
• In pollination and fertilisation, the pollen grain first lands on the stigma. Then a pollen tube begins to grow through the style as the male nucleus inside the pollen travels down this tube to reach the micropyle, and it then passes the micropyle to reach the ovule where in then combines with the female gamete inside to form a zygote.
• The ovule develops into a seed, the zygote divides many times by mitosis and forms an embryo, the embryo has a radicle, plumule, and two special leaves called cotyledons which constantly receive food via the phloem.
• The cotyledon grows to enclose the rest of the embryo, as the outer walls harden and thicken to form the testa, and the ovary wall then enlarges and becomes the fruit.
• cotyledon - food store

  testa - hard outer layer
• radicle - roots

  plumule - shoots
• Complete this diagram of a seed by filling in the text blanks:

  A) radicle

  B) micropyle

  C) hilum

  D) testa

  E) plumule

  F) radicle

  G) embryo

  H) micropyle

  I) cotyledon

  J) testa

  
• Tomato seeds are dispersed by plant ingestion, burr grass and wolfhooks are spiky and attach to animal fur, pride of barbados basically twists open throwing out the seed after it dies, and crowfruit are dispersed by the wind.
• the conditions required for seed germination are water, temperature, and oxygen.
• water to active germination
• temperature for enzyme activity
• oxygen for aerobic respiration required for growth
• starch and lipids stored are broken down by enzymes to be used to produce energy is respiration during germination until a leaf can develop for photosynthesis.