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• Push Factors

  • JOBS: The new approaches to farming that defined the Agricultural Revolution were beneficial for the landowners, but forced many peasants off the lands that their ancestors had farmed
  • FAMINE: In the 1840s, the potato crop in Ireland failed several years in a row because of poor soil and a disease called potato blight that made the potatoes inedible
  • CONTROL: Some landowners and squires treated their tenants badly. For example, thousands of tenant farmers were evicted from areas of land in Scotland by landowners to make way for sheep farming
  • JOBS: An abundance of food thanks to increased yield through the technological advancements of the Agricultural Revolution led to population growth. However, this soon meant there were not enough jobs in rural areas
  • LOW WAGES: farming jobs were poorly paid. Despite working hard and long hours farmers still only received just enough money to survive
  • LIVING CONDITIONS: houses were thought to be of better quality in the cities. People usually knew that they would not be able to rent a whole house but believed that a few rooms would be better than what they Currently
• Pull Factors

  • JOBS: there were thought to be lots of jobs in towns, which would pay all year. Men, women and children could all work in factories, while women could also get jobs as domestic servants
  • JOBS AND LAND: people thought that there were plenty of new opportunities and jobs with higher wages available in other countries around the world. For example, during the 18th and 19th centuries, North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa offered abundant land that many Europeans saw it as theirs for the taking
• Nationalism - believe that your nation is the best

  Unified Nation-State: Nationalism promoted the idea of creating unified nation-states,
• Imperialism - widespread desire of powers (mostly European) to spread their ideas + control to other parts of the world. (it's about the desire to find more RESOURCES)
• • Resources - minerals (gold, coal, wool, etc) 
  • Men → slaves 
  • Land (most important)
  • Movement of people in attempt to provide a better life
  • Nature     - forced (convicts, slaves) 
  • Free will (Settlers)
• Indigenous populations → faced exploitation, discrimination, loss of sovereignty.

  However, imperialism also brought about cultural exchange, infrastructure development, and technological advancements in some cases.
• • Colonies were often exploited for their natural resources, labour, and markets.
• The Rise of the Middle/Upper Class - Economic and Social:

  Economic: During the Industrial Revolution, some people became wealthier due to owning factories and businesses. This created a new group called the middle and upper class.

  Social: These wealthier people enjoyed a higher social status. They could afford nice homes, better education, and more luxurious lifestyles. They often had more influence in society and politics.
• Migration and Immigration Due to Opportunity, Money, and Demand - Economic and Social:

  Economic: People moved from rural areas to cities because there were more jobs in factories. Immigrants also came to industrialised countries looking for work and better opportunities.

  Social: This movement of people changed communities and cultures. Cities became more diverse, with people from different backgrounds and countries living and working together. It also led to overcrowding and competition for jobs.
• Commitment to Profit and Its Practical Implications in Britain - Economic, Social, and Political:

  Economic: Businesses focused on making money and increasing profits. They invested in new technologies and methods to produce goods more efficiently.

  Social: People worked longer hours in factories to meet production demands. This often led to poor working conditions and low wages for workers.

  Political: The government supported policies that favoured business growth and profitability. This included fewer regulations on businesses and lower taxes for wealthy individuals.
• Freedom of Ideas as the Social Environment Becomes Inclusive:

  As society changed during the Industrial Revolution, there was more openness to new ideas and ways of thinking. People began to question traditional beliefs and challenge authority.

  This led to advancements in science, technology, and philosophy. It also paved the way for social reform movements, such as women's rights and workers' rights.

  Capital Accumulation - Increase in Assets from Investments or Profits:

  This refers to the process of saving money or making investments to grow wealth over time.
• Wealthy individuals and businesses

  Accumulated more money and assets through investments in factories, infrastructure, and new technologies
• Concentration of wealth

  Contributed to the growth of the middle and upper class and widened the gap between the rich and the poor
• Inventions Were Invested in as a Result of Interest in Investment and Entrepreneurship

  1. Inventors and entrepreneurs developed new technologies and products to meet the growing demand for goods and services

  2. Investors provided funding to support these inventions in exchange for potential profits
• Investment in innovation


  Fueled the industrialisation process and drove economic growth during the Industrial Revolution
• • People hope for a better place and life → their lives will be better because they are the same reason people move from the north coast of New South Wales which is to provide a better life and more opportunity.
  • People in Ireland don't want to leave →  forced to leave or have a free will then forced to go because there's not enough land.
• The population change 

  -> Industrial revolution caused people to move all around the globe

  -> Citizens of britain would move to Australia, USA, NZ, South africa and india (free will)

  -> Australia was seen as place to go due to the discovery of gold in 1851

  -> Irish people moved during 1841-42 hunger to england america 

  -> Agriculture workers of the countryside in all countries lost work and had to move to the cities due to the enclosure act 
• ● The main reasons for the Industrial Revolution

  • The invention of machines to do the work of hand tools 
  • Technological innovations in machinery and manufacturing processes
  • The use of and creation of steam and other types of power 
  • Adoption of factory techniques 
  • Access to abundant natural resources like coal, iron ore, and waterways
  • Expansion of markets through global trade networks and colonial empires
  • Social and economic changes, including the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism
• Why did the IR start in Britain? 

  Resources → coal, iron, raw materials, water → (sources of energy), rivers, - power source and transportation, ports - provide access to the growing empire.

  Stable political + economic systems → banking system

  • Wealth + people with good ideas 

  Cheap labour
• Enclosure Act - This is a law that requires people to section off freeland

  These acts allowed wealthy landowners to take over and enclose common lands, which had been traditionally used by small-scale farmers and villagers for grazing animals and cultivating crops.

  This process often resulted in the displacement of small farmers and rural communities, who lost their access to common lands and were forced to seek work elsewhere.
• • resources → coal,  it lies on the ground - don't have to dig very far and it's there it’s the first thing
• it has a really extensive river system → you can put things on the boat and go around the place widespread network of ports doesn't take that much time to transport materials
• The first great change - Energy

  -> Human and animal labour were replaced by steam

  -> Steam was then replaced with gas and electricity 
• The second great change - Machinery 

  -> New inventions and new techniques transformed the way things such as coal and steel were made
• The third great change - Production Scale 

  -> Small workshops changed into factories 
• The fourth great change - Transport 

  ->  Innovations in transportation and in infrastructure such as railways and canals, facilitated the movement of goods and people over long distances, shaping trade and commerce.
• The steam engine 

  • a pivotal invention that powered machinery, locomotives, and ships
  • Allowed for factories to be located anywhere 
  • Carried goods and people faster than ever before - reaching new destinations and connecting businesses to new markets. 
• The Great Western Railway 

  • Made trade and communication faster 
  • Allowed people to spend the day in multiple cities
  • Could reach speeds of 80 km/hr
  • Revolutionised trade
• Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves): The Spinning Jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, enabled multiple spindles of yarn to be spun simultaneously, increasing the productivity of textile spinning and accelerating the mechanisation of the textile industry.
• Steam Locomotive (George Stephenson): George Stephenson's steam locomotive, demonstrated with the "Rocket" in 1829, transformed transportation by providing a faster and more efficient means of travel on railways. Steam locomotives revolutionised the movement of goods and people, facilitating industrial growth and urbanisation.
• • Flying Shuttle (John Kay):
  • Invention: Flying Shuttle
  • Inventor: John Kay
  • Year: 1733
  • Contribution: Mechanized the process of weaving by allowing the shuttle to be passed back and forth across the loom mechanically, increasing weaving speed and efficiency.
• • Invention: Water Frame
  • Inventor: Richard Arkwright
  • Year: 1769
  • Contribution: Mechanized the spinning process by using water power to drive spinning machines, enabling continuous and high-speed spinning of cotton or other fibers into yarn.
• Improved tech -> increased efficiency -> output increases -> wealthier
• Inventions made transportation more efficient, particularly in moving goods from one place to another. 

  Urbanisation led to overcrowded cities with inadequate housing, sanitation, and healthcare, exacerbating issues of poverty and disease.

  It creates opportunities for the trade unions that then becomes creating a market in labour. 

  The rise of women's rights they start to realise they have an economic value that they are not just mens goods and that they have economic value. 

  The rise of factory systems also led to the decline of traditional artisanal crafts and small-scale farming.
• The inventions led to 

  • Increased production and efficiency 
  • Job openings in factories leading to migration from rural to urban areas
  •  Railways :the backbone of industrial economies, linking industrial centres, ports, and markets, and facilitating the distribution of raw materials and finished products. 
  • enabled the construction of navigable waterways, facilitating the transport of bulk goods such as coal, iron, and agricultural produce. 
• The inventions led to 

  • Canals provided a cost-effective alternative to land transport
  • accelerating the production of textiles
  •  increased productivity, reduced labour costs, and transformed the textile industry from a cottage-based craft to a mechanised factory system
  • enabled the mass production of high-quality steel at lower costs.
  • Greater production of complex machinery and equipment
  • led to the expansion of markets, facilitated the movement of peoples, and altered the physical landscape.
• ● Industrialisation’s contribution to the development of Britain

  Population Growth 

  • In 1770, the population was 7.4 million - by 1840, it had doubled to 15.9 million

  -> This happened because people were healthier due to better food and higher wages 

  -> Working in a cycle, the standard of living increased, the demands for goods and service increased, economic growth sped up which resulted in people moving to cities. 
• Agriculture  

  • People began a more efficient way to use land 

  -> Originally, the open field system was used in over half of Britain

  • This wasted space and limited livestock quantity 

  -> The enclosure act made it under the farmers control, allowing them to adopt better farming practices in their own land. 
• Production 

  The Industrial Revolution changed the way industries worked 

  • Textiles was one of the most important and valuable industries

  -> The domestic system was used by families in the country (Cottage Industries) 

  -> In English cities, production took place in a small workshop under a master. They were supplied with raw materials and would hire people to weave the cloth.
• Energy 

  • Thomas Savery designed the first steam engine in 1698 which Thomas Newcomen improved in 1710
  • This was strong enough to haul coal up mines and transport heavy loads over long distances
  • Industrialization spurred investment in coal mining technologies, leading to increased production efficiency and extraction rates.
  • Steam engines powered factories, mines, and transportation systems, enabling the mechanization of industry and facilitating economic growth.
  • diversification of energy sources.