Industrialisation Ch3

• From what date is it generally accepted that rapid industrialisation occurred in the UK?


  Around 1780
• How did the type of industrial production develop during the industrial revolution?


  From small-scale production of goods, often in domestic surroundings, to large scale, factory based production
• Who coined the phrase 'industrial revolution' in 1884?


  Arnold Toynbee
• What did the annual growth of industrial output in Britain increase to from the long term level of 2% in the 1780s?


  3-4%
• What are two examples of goods which Britain was renowned for before the industrial revolution?


  1. Small metal goods from Birmingham

  2. Woollen cloth from Yorkshire
• What was Cornwall famous for mining in the 18th and 19th centuries?

  Tin
• Which was the biggest market for British goods before the industrial revolution?


  London, in part due to its large sea port
• What was Britain renowned for before the industrial revolution in terms of industry?


  The variety and quality of its manufacturing industries
• When was the East India Company founded?


  1600
• When was the power loom invented?

  1789
• Who invented the power loom?

  Edmund Cartwright
• What did Henry Cort invent in 1784?


  A new process for the smelting of iron
• Who invented the Spinning Jenny?


  James Hargreaves
• What was the population of Britain in 1801?


  10.9 million
• What was the population of Britain in 1811?


  12.6 million
• What did the rise in population lead to in the early parts of the industrial revolution?

  1. Larger available labour force

  2. Increased demand for food, clothing, housing and other commodities

  3. Increased production of manufactured goods (especially textiles) at low prices

  4. Stimulated agricultural output
• What did trade with the Empire make available during the early parts of the Industrial Revolution?

  Capital available to borrow at low interest rates, which could be invested in existing industries or used to set up new enterprises
• How did Britain's geography help it during the early Industrial Revolution?

  1. Fast flowing streams could be used to generate water power

  2. Plentiful coal and iron ore

  3. Navigable rivers to go along with new canals

  4. Island nature stimulated trade by sea
• How did Britain's relatively free and democratic society help it during the early Industrial Revolution?

  Mean that people and goods could move freely around the country, so little hindrance to new ventures
• What was the view of Arthur Young in regards to the population?


  That the population was increasing, but that a healthy economy still existed
• What did Thomas Malthus predict in 1798?


  That the growth in British population would outstrip food production and cause massive social problems
• What were some explanations for the British population's growth in the early 19th century?

  1. Agricultural improvements leading to a rise in food production

  2. Better quality food at lower prices raising living standards and leading to better health, lower infant mortality and increased longevity

  3. Industrialisation creating more jobs and meaning more young men could marry and have children earlier
• Who was John Horrocks?


  A textiles magnate who ran a successful spinning factory in the early 19th century using Samuel Crompton's mule
• What was John Horrocks responsible for introducing in 1803?


  An all-metal version of the Power loom
• What were the 5 towns?


  Successful Staffordshire pottery towns which were amalgamated to form Stoke-on-Trent in 1910
• What was the cottage industry (in textiles)?

  Where yarn or cloth were produced in people's homes using spinning wheels or hand looms
• What were some drawbacks of the domestic system of the cotton industry for the workers themselves?


  Homes had to be kept cold and dark for the machines, machines took up a lot of room, lost wages through illness, long hours, no guarantee of wages
• What were some drawbacks of the domestic system of the cotton industry for the nation's economy?


  Slow, products lacked quality control, production limited, little chance of expansion
• Who invented the Water Frame?

  Richard Arkwright
• When was the water frame invented?


  1769
• What are some advantages of cotton over linen clothing?

  Cheaper, more comfortable, easier to wash
• Which 2 areas was large-scale cotton manufacturing first established in and why?


  Lancashire and Lanarkshire, because:

  1. Plenty of fast-flowing rivers

  2. Proximity to ports of Liverpool and Glasgow respectively
• Where was most raw cotton shipped from during the early industrial revolution?

  The British West Indies
• What connected cotton factories to ports and towns?


  A new canal system
• When was Samuel Crompton's Mule invented?

  1779
• What did Samuel Crompton's mule produce?

  Strong, fine, exceptionally high quality yarn
• What was by the 1820s recognised as the most important invention in spinning?


  Samuel Crompton's mule
• Why was the power loom important?

  It addressed the imbalance between the spinning and weaving processes which had grown during the late 18th century
• What was the output of pig iron in 1788?


  68,000 tons
• What was the output of pig iron in 1804?


  250,000 tons