hunger

• Set Point


  The value of a physiological parameter that is maintained constantly by physiological or behavioral mechanisms; for example, the body's energy resources are often assumed to be maintained at a constant optimal level by compensatory changes in hunger
• Digestion


  The process by which food is broken down and absorbed through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract
• Lipids


  another name for Fats
• Amino Acids


  The building blocks and breakdown products of proteins
• Glucose


  A simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates; it is the body's primary, directly utilize source of energy
• Cephalic Phase


  The metabolic phase during which the body prepares for food that is about to be absorbed.

  
  

  lower the levels of bloodborne fuels (glucose) in anticipation of the impending influx of food.
• Absorptive Phase


  The metabolic phase during which the body is operating on the energy from a recently consumed meal and is storing the excess as body fat, glycogen,and proteins
• Fasting Phase


  The metabolic phase that begins when energy from the preceding meal is no longer sufficient to meet the immediate needs of the body and during which energy is extracted from fat and glycogen stores. Low insulin, high glucagon
• Insulin


  A pancreatic hormone that promotes the use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body and conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored. Correlated with visceral fat
• Glucagon


  a pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both as sources of energy
• Free Fatty Acids


  The main source of the body's energy during the fasting phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon
• Set-Point Assumption


  The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by the decline of the body's energy reserves below their set point
• Negative Feedback Systems


  Systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction
• Homeostasis


  the stability of an organism's constant internal environment
• Glucostatic Theory


  The theory that eating is controlled by deviations from a hypothetical blood glucose set point. Determines when we eat,
• Lipostatic Theory


  The theory that eating is controlled by deviations from a hypothetical body-fat set point. Determines how much we eat
• Positive-Incentive Theory


  The idea that behaviors (e.g. eating and drinking) are motivated by their anticipated pleasurable effects
• Positive-Incentive Value

  The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug
• Satiety


  The motivational state that terminates a meal when there is food remaining
• Nutritive Density


  Calories per unit volume of a food
• Sham Eating


  The experimental protocol in which an animal chews and swallows food, which immediately exits its body through a tube implanted in its esophagus. Proves that satiety signals are not necessary for meal termination
• Appetizer Effect


  The increase in hunger that is produced by the consumption of small amounts of palatable food
• Cafeteria Diet


  A diet offered to experimental animals that is composed of a wide variety of palatable foods
• Sensory-Specific Satiety


  The fact that the consumption of a particular food produces increased satiety for foods of the same taste than for other foods. Satiety is taste specific. ENCOURAGES A VARIED DIET.
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)


  The area of the hypothalamus that was once though to contain the satiety center. Lesions produce hyperaphagia.
• Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)


  The area of the hypothalamus once thought to be the feeding center. Lesions produce aphagia and adipsia.
• Hyperphagia

  Excessive eating
• Dynamic Phase


  The first phase of the VMH syndrome, characterized by grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain
• Static Phase


  The second phase of the VHM syndrome, during which the grossly obese animal maintains a stable level of obesity
• Aphagia

  Complete cessation of eating
• Adipsia

  Complete cessation of drinking
• Lipogenesis


  The production of body fat
• Paraventricular Nuclei


  Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary
• Duodenum


  The upper portion of the intestine through which most of the glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)


  A peptide that is released by the gastrointestinal tract and is thought to function as a satiety signal. Produces nausea at high doses.
• Prader-Willi Syndrome


  A neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by insatiable appetite and exceptionally slow metabolism. Caused by damage or absence of a section of chromosome 15
• Diet-Induced Thermogenesis


  Increases in levels of body fat produces increases in body temperature which require additional energy to maintain
• Basal Metabolic Rate


  The rate at which an individual utilizes energy to maintain bodily processes
• Settling Point


  body weight tends to drift around the level at which various factors that influence food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium.

  
  

  Body weight stays stable as long as none of these factors change,

  
  

  but when one does change, body weight drifts to a new settling point. More of an adaptive process than set point theory. Loose homeostatic regulation.
• Leaky-Barrel Model


  A settling-point model of body-fat regulation.